一、高考英語聽力試題的具體特征
1.題材廣泛,涉及英語國家日常生活的許多方面,有利于全面有效地檢測考生在不同生活環(huán)境下對所學語言的感悟和接受能力。
2.聽力材料來源于英語國家的生活會話,具有明顯的口語特征,聽起來自然、真實,符合在非測試狀態(tài)下英語口語在社會生活中運用的真實情景。
3.材料一般由10段左右的對話和獨白構(gòu)成,總詞數(shù)為800左右。除一些專有名詞外,材料中一般沒有生詞。
4.題干和選項較為簡短,各選項的長度、難度、結(jié)構(gòu)基本一致。
5.答案分布均勻,各選項的答案總數(shù)接近平均值。
6.語速一般為140160wpm。
二、高考英語聽力試題的組成
本部分共兩節(jié),測試考生理解口頭英語的能力。
第一節(jié):共5小題,每小題1分。要求考生根據(jù)所聽到的5段簡短對話,從每題所給的3個選項中選出最佳選項。每段錄音材料僅讀一遍。
第二節(jié):共15小題,每小題1分。要求考生根據(jù)所聽到的5段對話或獨白,從每題所給的3個選項中選出最佳選項。每段錄音材料讀兩遍。
考試進行時,考生將答案標在試卷上,聽力部分結(jié)束后,考生有2分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。
本部分所需時間大約20分鐘(含轉(zhuǎn)涂時間)。
三、高考英語聽力測試的具體要求
(一)理解主旨、要義
對話或獨白總是圍繞主旨或者中心思想展開。有時,主旨和要義比較明確;有時則貫穿整個對話或獨白,需要考生自己去歸納、概括。
例:2013江蘇(全國)第2題What are the speakers talking about?
A. A noisy nightB. Their life in town
C. A place of living
錄音稿:
M: I really like living here in this flat, because its so near the center of town.
W: Thats true. But it gets really noisy at night.
該段對話中有關(guān)鍵詞語living here in this flat, 整段對話均圍繞這一話題進行。答案為C。
(二)獲取事實性的具體信息
為了說明和解釋主旨,對話和獨白中需要一些具體信息,如時間、地點、人物、事件等。這些信息是把握對話主旨必不可少的內(nèi)容。此類題在高考聽力試題中所占比例最大。
例1:2013江蘇(全國)第3題Where is the man now?
A. On his way.B. In a restaurant.
C. At home.
錄音稿:
M: Hi, Maggie. Im coming, but its snowing and the traffic is moving slowly.
W: OK, David. Take your time. Well wait for you, so we can have dinner together.
在本段對話中,談話者提到四個信息:(1) Im coming. (2) Its snowing. (3) The traffic is moving slowly. (4) Take your time (慢慢來,不急).從最后兩個重要信息來判斷答案為A。
例2:2013江蘇(全國)第5題What day is it when the conversation takes place?
A. Saturday.B. Sunday.
C. Monday.
錄音稿:
W: I wont have anything to wear to work on Monday unless I pick up my clothes at the dry cleaners.
M: Then youd better hurry. It closes at noon on Sundays.
W: Oh! I should have gone there Saturday.
對話中出現(xiàn)了三個時間:Monday, Sundays and Saturday。但女士提到Monday and Saturday為干擾項。重要信息為男士說:那么你得快點,干洗店每周日中午關(guān)門。答案為B。
(三)對談話的背景、說話者之間的關(guān)系等作出簡單的推斷
談話的背景及說話者之間的關(guān)系對理解話語的含義有著舉足輕重的作用。對談話背景、說話者之間關(guān)系的理解程度,在某種程度上可以體現(xiàn)一個人對口語的理解能力,因而也是聽力測試所要考查的重點項目之一。
例1:2013江蘇(全國)第4題What will Celia do?
A. Find a player.B. Watch a game.
C. Play basketball.
錄音稿:
M: Celia, you see those girls over there? They need another player for a basketball game. Would you like to join them?
W: Seems like its a game for fun. Sure, Ill be there in a minute.
此題要求根據(jù)談話內(nèi)容判斷談話背景。由于男士和Celia說他們打籃球少一個人。A為干擾項。答案為C。
例2:2013江蘇(全國)第11題Who needs a new flat?
A. Alex.B. Andrea.
C. Miranda.
錄音稿:
W: Hello, this is Andrea.
M: Hello, Andrea, this is Alex. I have some very good news for you. Miranda was very satisfied with you and said she was very much looking forward to working with you. Isnt that wonderful? Congratulations dear! How does it feel to be Mirandas new assistant? I imagine that you are just delighted with this news. So lets see, you can start on Monday, right?
W: Umm, well, I dont think I can start on Monday. I am visiting my father in Baltimore. And because I dont live in New York, Ill need a couple of days to find a flat and buy some furniture and move my things from Avon.
M: Oh, well then, in that case I suppose Wednesday would be good. OK, see you then!
首先要弄清楚Andrea是女子名而Alex是男子名。然后抓住關(guān)鍵句Miranda was very satisfied with you and said she was very much looking forward to working with you.該句為干擾項。從Andrea的話語Ill need a couple of days to find a flat and buy some furniture and move my things from Avon.可知答案為B。
(四)理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度
一般來講,說話者總會有說話的意圖,或提出、回答問題,或闡明自己的想法或表明自己的態(tài)度或意見。這在很大程度上有助于對整個對話的理解。有時,說話者的意圖或觀點是明著說出來的,有時則隱含在對話的字里行間,需要聽者自己去揣摩和推斷。
例:2013江蘇(全國)第8題和第9題
8. Why does Diana say sorry to Peter?
A. She has to give up her travel plan.
B. She wants to visit another city.
C. She needs to put off her test.
9. What does Diana want Peter to do?
A. Help her with her study.
B. Take a book to her friend.
C. Teach a geography lesson.
錄音稿:
W: Hey, Peter, Im sorry!
M: Hi, Diana, whats wrong?
W: We were going to Hong Kong this weekend, but Im afraid I cant go.
M: How come?
W: I have a really big geography test and I have to study for it.
M: We can go next week instead.
W: No, I dont want to ruin your weekend. You go ahead and please take the book I bought to my friend Sally. Tell her I have to study all weekend, because I cant afford to fail the test.
M: OK, then Ill go with Dan. But its a pity you cant come.
對話中女士提到她有地理考試,得做準備。表明自己周末不能去香港。男士最后說她不能去很可惜也驗證了這一點。然后女士又講You go ahead and please take the book I bought to my friend Sally.答案依次為A、B。
四、高考英語聽力應(yīng)試秘訣
高考英語聽力測試與其他測試相比,有其特殊性,它要求考生從頭到尾按順序往下聽,聽完每段對話和獨白后,要在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)做出選擇,沒有“回頭看”的可能性。因此,掌握一些聽力應(yīng)試秘訣,對于在考場上正常發(fā)揮水平,取得理想的成績尤為重要。下面結(jié)合近幾年的高考英語聽力試題介紹一些應(yīng)試技巧和解題的基本方法。
1.聽前(Prelistening)。穩(wěn)定情緒,克服畏懼、緊張心理,以保證自己在緊張而又自然的心境中發(fā)揮出水平。如果走進考場后心情還不能平靜下來,可試著閉目深呼吸幾次。在每段錄音未開始之前,抓緊時間瀏覽相關(guān)的題干和選項,確定聽音的重點使聽音具有明確的目的性和選擇性,從而提高答題的準確率。如果選項中人名、地名、數(shù)字、年代等,可做好記錄的準備。
2.聽時(Whilelistening)。在聽音過程中,注意力要高度集中。正式放音后,最后好不要將視線停留在題干和選項上,以免顧得上看,顧不得聽,影響對該段材料的理解。要從整體上對每段話的中心及寓意有所理解。要注意however, yet, but, or等后面的句子,因為它們往往提示了問題的答案。對事件發(fā)生的場所、人物之間的關(guān)系、人物的職業(yè)、說話者的意圖等,要靠整體理解去推斷,不要受個別表面現(xiàn)象的迷惑。對于細節(jié)題,如提問有關(guān)時間、地點、人名、數(shù)字、原因、目的、結(jié)果等試題,既要以記、理解為主,又要稍作分析推理。涉及數(shù)字的題要做好記錄,必要時再進行計算。對before / after; early / late; fast / slow; more / less; borrow / lend; increase / reduce; start / leave等詞不能忽略。不管是聽對話還是獨白,注意力一定要集中在對整體內(nèi)容的理解上,切不可只停留在個別單詞或單句上,聽不清時馬上放棄,不必強求自己聽清每一個詞,要把重點放在聽關(guān)鍵詞語以及與問題有關(guān)的內(nèi)容上。如果中途未聽清某一段材料,應(yīng)馬上放棄對相應(yīng)題目的思考,將注意力及時轉(zhuǎn)移到下一段材料上,否則會影響后面試題的得分。
3.聽后(Postlistening)。聽完每段對話或獨白后,應(yīng)迅速整理和回憶所聽內(nèi)容,耐心核查,并在最短時間內(nèi)對答案作出判斷。
4.預(yù)測話題。預(yù)測話題是指聽者根據(jù)題干和選項推測談話內(nèi)容,做到“先看后聽”,這樣會比較主動。在高考英語聽力中這是一種最基本實用的,也是考生必須掌握的秘訣之一。
例:2013江蘇(全國)第13題What does Jan consider most important when he judges a restaurant?
A. Where the restaurant is.
B. Whether the prices are low.
C. How well the food is prepared.
錄音稿:
W: Hello, Mr. Jan Erick Freedman. Youre a frequent traveler. And we also know that you eat out twice a day. How come you are so fond of eating out?
M: When I got my first job back in 1982 and started traveling, I had no other choice but to eat out. I found that I felt different due to what I was eating, so I tried to find places that served food that made me feel good. The secret was the quality of the food and how well the food was prepared. I made an effort to find good restaurants as well as nice dishes.
……
從所給的題干和選項可知該題要求考生判斷地點、價格和飯菜的質(zhì)量。聽錄音時就應(yīng)把注意力集中在這樣的話語上so I tried to find places that served food that made me feel good. The secret was the quality of the food and how well the food was prepared.在做聽力測試題時也要具備較扎實的語法功底。that served food為第一個定語從句,修飾先行詞places; that made me feel good為第二個定語從句,修飾先行詞food。答案為C。
5.通過歸納、分析、綜合等推斷答案??v觀近幾年高考英語聽力試題,需要考生在理解談話內(nèi)容的大意,掌握其中重要細節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過分析、判斷選擇最佳答案的考題所占比例較大。所以,考生應(yīng)在聽懂對話或獨白的同時,掌握歸納、分析、綜合和推理的技巧。
例:2013江蘇(全國)第20題Why does the speaker like Horatio street best?
A. It has an old stone surface.
B. It is named after a writer.
C. It has a famous university.
錄音稿:
M: At the beginning of the tour, well start with the most important place in my town, which is the Plaza Leon. The Plaza Leon, which is more than 100 years old, is the gathering place for young people on Friday and Saturday nights, and for parents and children on Sunday afternoons. Four streets lead to the Plaza, which have wide sidewalks and a tree line. Hernandes Street, which was named after a famous writer born in the city, contains all of the food stores, fish markets, and vegetable stands. Fernandes Street, which was named after an educator, is where all of the government offices are housed. Via del Mar Street, whose roads are made of stones is the only street which still has its old surface. Finally we come to Horatio Street on which there are two universities. One of them is the most famous university in my country. Thats why it is my favorite street of all.
本題檢測考生根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容做出簡單推斷的能力。從獨白最后3句話可知:在Horatio街有兩所大學,其中一所是全國最著名的大學,這就是為什么Horatio街是我最喜歡的街道。答案為C。
6.了解文體特點,注意結(jié)構(gòu)層次。聽獨白是高考英語聽力測試的形式之一,其難度也較大,但如能充分了解獨白的文體特點和結(jié)構(gòu)層次,將有助于我們在聽獨白的過程中分清主次,將注意力集中在關(guān)鍵語句(主題句)和與問題有關(guān)的內(nèi)容上來。獨白大致可分為故事、演講、新聞、介紹等。談到結(jié)構(gòu)層次,還應(yīng)特別注意高考英語聽力測試中的長對話。這些長對話輪次多,包含的信息量較大,對考生的綜合能力要求較高。在長對話中,對話雙方你問我答,就某一個問題進行較為深入的交談,聽起來有雜亂無章、應(yīng)接不暇的感覺。例如高考英語聽力試音材料中,雙方提的幾個問題Can I help you? What kinds of events do you organize? Could you tell me something about the English evenings? 為整個對話提供了清晰的輪廓,只要我們抓住這幾個問題,弄清他們的答案,也就抓住了整個對話內(nèi)容的要點,再回答問題也就比較容易了。因此,聽長對話的時候,除了要注意掌握細節(jié)外,更重要的是要抓住對話雙方提問所提供的線索,這樣才能夠理清思路,把握內(nèi)容要點。只要我們注重平時的基本功訓(xùn)練,再掌握一些聽力秘訣,就能在高考英語聽力測試中取得好成績。
(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級中學)