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血管外肺水及肺血管通透性監(jiān)測(cè)在ARDS患者中的臨床價(jià)值

2014-04-15 11:35張瑜榮鄧立普張小華
關(guān)鍵詞:通透性肺水腫肺泡

張瑜榮,鄧立普*,張小華

(1.南華大學(xué) 附屬南華醫(yī)院 急診科, 湖南 衡陽(yáng) 421001; 2.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué) 第一附屬醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科, 廣西 南寧 530021)

短篇綜述

血管外肺水及肺血管通透性監(jiān)測(cè)在ARDS患者中的臨床價(jià)值

張瑜榮1,鄧立普1*,張小華2

(1.南華大學(xué) 附屬南華醫(yī)院 急診科, 湖南 衡陽(yáng) 421001; 2.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué) 第一附屬醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科, 廣西 南寧 530021)

血管外肺水(EVLW)的改變可定量反映ARDS患者早期肺水腫的存在及嚴(yán)重程度,與預(yù)后呈顯著相關(guān),有利于急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)早期診斷及指導(dǎo)治療以改善預(yù)后;肺血管通透性指數(shù)(PVPI)直接反映肺血管通透狀態(tài),可資鑒別肺水腫的原因,反映肺損傷程度,以及評(píng)價(jià)ARDS病人的預(yù)后情況。

急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;血管外肺水;肺血管通透性

心源性以外多種致病因素均可引起急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory dysfunction syndrome,ARDS),因起病急驟、早期診斷困難,病情復(fù)雜多變,可進(jìn)展為多器官功能衰竭,病死率達(dá)35%~45%[1]。ARDS新定義[2]從發(fā)病時(shí)間、氧合指數(shù)、肺水腫來(lái)源和影像學(xué)改變4個(gè)方面對(duì)ARDS作出診斷,強(qiáng)調(diào)氧合指數(shù)的預(yù)后價(jià)值,取消ALI和ARDS分類。本綜述用ARDS統(tǒng)稱既往ALI和(或)ARDS。肺毛細(xì)血管通透性增高引起的肺泡滲出液中富含蛋白質(zhì)的肺水腫為ARDS特征性病理改變;肺毛細(xì)血管靜水壓不高、肺內(nèi)分流增加及VA/Q失調(diào)為主要病理生理特征。血管外肺水(extravascular lung water,EVLW)和肺血管通透性指數(shù)(pulmonary vascular permeability index,PVPI)概念的提出有利于對(duì)ARDS患者早期、定量診斷,為及時(shí)治療提供依據(jù),進(jìn)而改善預(yù)后。

1 EVLW、PVPI監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)

稱重法是衡量肺水腫及判斷其他方法準(zhǔn)確性的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),主要用于動(dòng)物研究。胸片需EVLW增加至30%以上才有異常表現(xiàn),且結(jié)果易受攝片質(zhì)量、醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)等因素影響,甚至認(rèn)為與EVLW無(wú)相關(guān)性[3]。CT較之胸片更早發(fā)現(xiàn)肺水腫的存在,高分辨率CT(high-resolution computed tomography,HRCT)可鑒別肺水腫類型, PET/CT則不僅可以定量全肺的EVLW,尚可監(jiān)測(cè)局部肺水量,但均因設(shè)備龐大操作復(fù)雜而不利于床旁監(jiān)測(cè)。胸部B超對(duì)EVLW的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果與肺稱重法具有較好的相關(guān)性[4],但深部肺組織為其探測(cè)盲區(qū),且不能辨別積聚液體的性質(zhì)。生物電阻抗技術(shù)無(wú)創(chuàng)、簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)時(shí),但結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性明顯受體位、電極位置的影響,其可行性需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。雙指示劑稀釋法經(jīng)被視為臨床監(jiān)測(cè)EVLW的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因操作復(fù)雜、費(fèi)用高昂,近年己被單指示劑稀釋法取代,即PICCO儀的應(yīng)用,該法與前者有良好的相關(guān)性。PICCO監(jiān)測(cè)的參數(shù)EVLW/EVLWI、 PVPI關(guān)系如下:PVPI=EVLW/PBV(肺血管容量),EVLWI(血管外肺水指數(shù))=EVLW/質(zhì)量(kg)。

2 EVLW/EVLWI和PVPI臨床應(yīng)用

2.1 EVLW/EVLWI和PVPI

EVLW是肺血管外的液體,正常人約400 mL,由細(xì)胞內(nèi)液、肺泡液和肺間質(zhì)液組成,因細(xì)胞內(nèi)液變化較小,故肺泡液和肺間質(zhì)液的變化反映了EVLW的改變。研究證實(shí)[5]肺熱稀釋法所測(cè)EVLW與尸檢肺臟重量顯著相關(guān),監(jiān)測(cè)EVLW有利于定量反映肺水腫的發(fā)生及清除。臨床上以EVLWI作為肺水腫的量化指標(biāo),其正常范圍為3~7 mL/kg(超過(guò)此范圍僅反映肺間質(zhì)含水量增多),大于7 mL/kg時(shí)定義為肺水腫,高通透性肺水腫時(shí)一般大于10 mL/kg(此時(shí)才有肺泡內(nèi)水腫)。值得注意的是,EVLW/ABW(實(shí)際質(zhì)量)會(huì)使肥胖患者的EVLWI偏低和 21%~35% ARDS患者EVLWI正常,因?yàn)榉闻K質(zhì)量不與ABW而與身高顯著相關(guān)[6],而PBW(理想質(zhì)量)依據(jù)身高和性別計(jì)算得出,故EVLWI應(yīng)為EVLW/PBW比值,EVLW/PBW可提高ARDS的檢出率[7],更好地預(yù)測(cè)病死率[8]。PVPI正常值范圍為1.0~3.0,直接反映肺毛細(xì)血管通透性狀態(tài),其值正常時(shí)可排除高通透性肺水腫[9]。

2.2 預(yù)后作用

對(duì)敗血癥、休克[10]等患者監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)展為ARDS者的EVLW均升高,而死亡者升高更甚,EVLW明顯升高常提示預(yù)后不良。有研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)[8],當(dāng)EVLWIgt;16 mL/kg時(shí),EVLW對(duì)ARDS患者死亡率具有較強(qiáng)的預(yù)測(cè)能力。另有學(xué)者[11]以21 mL/kg為切點(diǎn),EVLWI大于此值時(shí)ARDS患者28 d死亡率達(dá)70%,低于此值時(shí)則顯著降至43%;PVPI具有相似的預(yù)后價(jià)值,當(dāng)PVPIgt;3.8時(shí)預(yù)測(cè)28 d死亡率的靈敏性為0.67,特異性為 0.65,預(yù)后差者PVPI呈持續(xù)升高,臨死前達(dá)至峰值,可能是隨病情發(fā)展肺血管通透性進(jìn)行性增加所致。臨床上可以EVLWI作為危重患者醫(yī)院死亡率、ICU死亡率及28 d死亡率較好的預(yù)后指標(biāo)[12]。EVLW和PVPI升高水平反映ARDS病情嚴(yán)重程度,預(yù)后較好者會(huì)逐步下降,而預(yù)后差者呈動(dòng)態(tài)升高,故對(duì)兩者動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)更好評(píng)估患者病情變化及預(yù)后情況。

2.3 診斷價(jià)值

兩肺影像學(xué)改變作為ARDS新定義的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,顯然無(wú)助于早期識(shí)別ARDS的發(fā)生,而EVLW是目前監(jiān)測(cè)肺水腫最具有特異性的量化指標(biāo),能為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)ARDS提供線索。PVPI則在鑒別肺水腫類型方面具有獨(dú)特的作用,如ARDS引起的高通透性肺水腫時(shí)PVPI升高,而急性左心衰竭等所致高靜水壓性肺水腫PBV較EVLW升高更明顯,PVPI降低或接近正常。PVPI尚可鑒別引起ARDS的原因,如肺外因素先損傷肺血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,肺間質(zhì)水腫明顯,EVLW相對(duì)更高,肺內(nèi)因素則先損傷肺泡上皮,PVPI更高。

對(duì)存在可引起ARDS高危因素的患者監(jiān)測(cè)EVLW[13],發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)展為ARDS者EVLW明顯升高,與ARDS患者比較EVLW值無(wú)顯著差異,反之呈低水平狀態(tài),提示EVLW升高是早期ARDS的標(biāo)志。但EVLW無(wú)法區(qū)別肺水腫來(lái)源,因?yàn)锳RDS和心源性肺水腫均可導(dǎo)致EVLW增加,但只有ARDS患者的PVPI升高,提示PVPI可鑒別肺水腫類型,當(dāng)PVPI在2.6~2.8范圍時(shí)可診斷為ARDS,低于1.7基本排除ARDS[14]。另有研究[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)心源性肺水腫死亡者的PVPI也高于正常,考慮疾病終末期可能合并肺損傷甚至ARDS可能。綜合而言,EVLW和PVPI結(jié)合分析有利于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)ARDS,為盡早進(jìn)行醫(yī)療干預(yù)提供依據(jù),但兩者的診斷價(jià)值尚需更多大樣本研究以進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。

2.4 指導(dǎo)容量管理

ARDS患者的最適容量前負(fù)荷存在爭(zhēng)議,多數(shù)觀點(diǎn)贊成液體負(fù)平衡管理,使保持肺臟處于相對(duì)“干”的狀態(tài)。早期研究即證實(shí),液體負(fù)平衡可降低EVLW值、縮短機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和ICU住院時(shí)間,可提高生存率。對(duì)于ARDS患兒而言,液體管理顯得更為關(guān)鍵,因?yàn)橐后w正負(fù)荷明顯增加病死率及延長(zhǎng)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間[16]。ARDS早期補(bǔ)充膠體也有爭(zhēng)議,因毛細(xì)血管通透性增加,膠體可滲出血管外會(huì)加重肺水腫,故提倡早期補(bǔ)充晶體液為主。最近臨床證據(jù)卻顯示補(bǔ)充膠體液可減輕肺水腫、甚至改善病情,如ARDS患者補(bǔ)充10%羥乙基淀粉(200/0.5)500 mL后[17]可提高中心靜脈壓、心輸出量等血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)及改善呼吸力學(xué)參數(shù),而EVLWI值并無(wú)升高,且PVPI值補(bǔ)液4h后明顯下降,提示少量膠體復(fù)蘇甚至可改善血管通透性。

2.5 新療法評(píng)價(jià)

ARDS新定義以缺氧程度分級(jí),缺氧越嚴(yán)重,預(yù)后則越差,而降低EVLW能明顯改善肺氧合功能,故EVLW可用于治療ARDS新藥物、新方法的評(píng)價(jià)。處于ARDS時(shí)肺泡上皮細(xì)胞Na-K+ATP酶激活,有促進(jìn)鈉水轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)出肺泡,減輕肺水腫作用,而Na-K+ATP酶表達(dá)下調(diào)可減弱肺泡液體清除能力[18-19]。復(fù)制豬肺損傷模型的研究表明[20],吸入人工合成TIP肽AP301后EVLWI值明顯下降,氧合指數(shù)明顯改善,提示Na-K+ATP酶激活劑AP301能減輕肺水腫、改善氧合功能,可能成為ARDS支持治療的革新性藥物。

ARDS患者有氣體交換功能肺泡數(shù)量減少,處于“嬰兒肺”狀態(tài),此時(shí)需采用肺保護(hù)性通氣策略以促進(jìn)肺復(fù)張減輕肺水腫,改善肺順應(yīng)性和氧合功能。而對(duì)于肺水腫極端嚴(yán)重、EVLWI達(dá)30 mL/kg以上、病情進(jìn)展快的ARDS患者,早期使用體外膜肺氧合技術(shù)(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)呼吸支持[21],無(wú)效或有出血等并發(fā)癥時(shí),可改無(wú)泵型體外肺輔助技術(shù)(pumpless extracorporeal lung assist,PECLA)聯(lián)合高頻振蕩通氣(high frequency oscillation ventilation,HFOV),有助于挽救生命。

2.6 局限性

PICCO是基于VA/Q正常情況下對(duì)EVLW監(jiān)測(cè)計(jì)算的,若出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重VA/Q 失調(diào)會(huì)明顯影響結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性;同時(shí)PICCO要求熱指示劑必須通過(guò)所有肺區(qū)域進(jìn)行熱交換,肺栓塞、肺切除術(shù)后、局部肺損傷等致肺灌注不足,EVLW結(jié)果會(huì)偏低,故監(jiān)測(cè)休克、敗血癥等肺外因素所致ARDS的EVLW顯然更有臨床意義。PVPI對(duì)肺血管通透性的評(píng)估也存在局限性,如PVPI不能準(zhǔn)確反映肺炎所致ARDS肺血管通透的程度[22]。再如前述,部分ARDS病人EVLW并無(wú)升高,EVLW正常并不能排除ARDS。孤立使用EVLW和PVPI監(jiān)測(cè)ARDS病人可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生臨床誤判。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

對(duì)EVLW及PVPI的定量、動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),為解決“對(duì)ARDS如何早期診斷、及時(shí)干預(yù)”這一危重病醫(yī)學(xué)的難題提供參考,不過(guò)兩者的診斷及預(yù)后價(jià)值尚需更多臨床研究支持。肺水腫存在是ARDS治療的難點(diǎn),減輕肺水腫往往能降低死亡率,治療上予以最適降低EVLW和PVPI的策略,以改善氧合、促進(jìn)肺復(fù)張、縮短機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間等,進(jìn)而達(dá)到改善預(yù)后、減輕醫(yī)療經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)等目的,這應(yīng)是今后ARDS研究的方向之一。

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Clinical value of monitoring the extravascularlung water and pulmonary vascular permeability in patients with ARDS

ZHANG Yu-rong1, DENG Li-pu1*, ZHANG Xiao-hua2

(1.Dept. of Emergency,Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China,Hengyang 421000;2.Dept. of Cardiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Nanning 530021,China)

The change of extravascular lung water can quantitatively reflect the existence and severity of early pulmonary edema in the patients with ARDS,it significantly correlated with prognosis, and also it supported for early diagnosis and guided treatment. Pulmonary vascular permeability index is positively related to pulmonary vascular permeability which facilitates the explanation of mechanism of the reasons of pulmonary edema and indicates the injury severity of lung and to judge the prognosis of ARDS patients.

ARDS;extravascular lung water;pulmonary vascular permeability

2013-06-13

2013-11-29

*通信作者(correspondingauthor): lipudeng@yahoo.com.cn

1001-6325(2014)05-0719-04

R 563.9

A

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