石玉若 劉翠 鄧晉福 簡平
SHI YuRuo1,LIU Cui2,DENG JinFu2 and JIAN Ping1
1. 中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所,北京離子探針中心,北京 100037
2. 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué),北京 100083
1. Beijing SHRIMP Center,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China
2. China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China
2014-02-10 收稿,2014-05-30 改回.
古亞洲洋構(gòu)造域是歐亞大陸內(nèi)部的一個巨型復(fù)合造山帶(肖序常等,1991),是西伯利亞板塊和中朝板塊碰撞縫合的產(chǎn)物。古蒙古洋是古亞洲洋的一支,主要是指在內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)曾經(jīng)存在過的一段洋盆(邵濟(jì)安和唐克東,1996)。前人對該地區(qū)曾進(jìn)行過大量的研究,并取得不少重要成果和認(rèn)識,然而在某些關(guān)鍵問題上仍存在嚴(yán)重分歧。比如,蒙古地塊(以及西伯利亞板塊)和華北板塊的最終縫合部位,該縫合帶碰撞縫合的過程、特別是最終閉合的時限一直存有爭論(李春昱等,1982;何國琦和邵濟(jì)安,1983;李錦軼,1986;Wang and Liu,1986;Zhang and Tang,1989;Yan et al.,1989;Tang,1990;胡驍?shù)龋?990;肖序常等,1991;邵濟(jì)安,1991;唐克東和張允平,1991;Hsu et al.,1991;唐克東,1992;Sengor et al.,1993;Dobretsov et al.,1995;洪大衛(wèi)等,1994;陳斌和徐備,1996;徐備和陳斌,1997;Badarch and Orolmaa,1998;Nie and Bj?rlykke,1999;Robinson et al.,1999;Jahn et al.,2000a,b;Chen et al.,2000;陳斌等,2001;Nozaka and Liu,2002;Xiao et al.,2003;朱永峰等,2004;Li,2006;Zhang et al.,2007a;Miao et al.,2008;Jian et al.,2008)。對這些問題進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的探討,對正確理解和認(rèn)識古亞洲洋構(gòu)造域的增生造山過程以及年輕大陸地殼的生長機制等問題具有重要意義。
花崗巖類巖石組合的類型及其時空分布規(guī)律是一種極好的地球動力學(xué)標(biāo)志(洪大衛(wèi)等,1994)。內(nèi)蒙古中部地區(qū)古生代-中生代花崗質(zhì)巖類巖漿活動的時空分布及巖石組合類型的變化,記錄了華北板塊北緣與蒙古地塊俯沖/增生和碰撞拼合的進(jìn)程。
內(nèi)蒙古中部位于西伯利亞板塊和華北板塊之間(圖1)。內(nèi)蒙古中部地區(qū)從南到北出露4 條蛇綠巖帶:溫都爾廟-西拉木倫、索倫山-林西、交其爾-錫林浩特、二連浩特-賀根山蛇綠巖帶(Miao et al.,2008)。溫都爾廟蛇綠巖為早古生代的蛇綠巖(表1,Jian et al.,2008),且該帶內(nèi)藍(lán)片巖的年齡為約440Ma(Hsu et al.,1991);交其爾-錫林浩特蛇綠巖帶內(nèi)沙隊堆晶輝長巖為早古生代(Jian et al.,2008),推測該帶為早古生代的蛇綠巖帶;二連浩特-賀根山蛇綠巖帶內(nèi)的賀根山蛇綠巖最近被確認(rèn)為石炭紀(jì)和白堊紀(jì)鎂鐵質(zhì)-超鎂鐵質(zhì)巖體(表1,Jian et al.,2012),前人認(rèn)為其為二疊紀(jì)蛇綠巖(Miao et al.,2008)或泥盆紀(jì)蛇綠巖(包志偉等,1994;Robinson et al.,1999);索倫山蛇綠巖被認(rèn)為是內(nèi)蒙古中部最晚的一套蛇綠巖(李春昱等,1982),任紀(jì)舜等(1980)也指出內(nèi)蒙-大興安嶺地槽最后封閉于索倫山一帶。內(nèi)蒙中部二疊紀(jì)不同類型植物化石的分布(Wang and Liu,1986)、內(nèi)蒙古西拉木倫河北部杏樹洼蛇綠巖帶硅質(zhì)巖中二疊世的放射蟲化石和與其伴生的牙形類的發(fā)現(xiàn)(王玉凈和樊志勇,1997)以及最近索倫山附近二疊紀(jì)蛇綠巖的SHIRMP 測年結(jié)果(Jian et al.,2010)為該認(rèn)識提供了有力的證據(jù)。
圖1 內(nèi)蒙古中部地質(zhì)簡圖(a,據(jù)Jahn,2004;b,據(jù)Miao et al.,2008 修改)年齡后括號中的數(shù)字為年齡編號(見表1)Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the Central Inner Mongolia (a,modified after Jahn,2004;b,modified after Miao et al.,2008)
表1 內(nèi)蒙古中部以及部分華北北緣花崗質(zhì)巖體一覽表Table1 GranitoidsfromCentralInnerMongoliaand northern margin ofNorth ChinaCrato
續(xù)表1Continued Table1
續(xù)表1Continued Table1
續(xù)表1Continued Table1
圖2 內(nèi)蒙古中部花崗質(zhì)巖類鋯石U-Pb 年齡柱狀圖Fig.2 Cumulative plot for zircon U-Pb ages of granitoids from Central Inner Mongolia
內(nèi)蒙古中部屬中亞造山帶的東段(圖1)。中亞造山帶(CAOB)廣泛出露花崗質(zhì)巖類,是世界上最大的古生代增生造山帶和顯生宙陸殼生長的地區(qū)(Seng?r et al.,1993;Jahn et al.,2000a,b)。內(nèi)蒙古中部由南向北大體上可以劃分為3 條規(guī)模宏大的花崗巖帶,分別是:白云鄂博-赤峰帶、蘇尼特-錫林浩特帶、白音烏拉-東烏珠穆沁旗帶(洪大衛(wèi)等,1994)。白云鄂博-赤峰花崗巖帶位于溫都爾廟-西拉木倫縫合帶附近,主要為早古生代侵位的花崗質(zhì)巖體(圖1);蘇尼特-錫林浩特花崗巖帶位于交其爾-錫林浩特縫合帶附近,主要為早古生代巖體,也有石炭紀(jì)巖體的出露(圖1);白音烏拉-東烏珠穆沁旗花崗巖帶位于二連浩特-賀根山縫合帶以北,主要為二疊紀(jì)堿性花崗巖,該花崗巖帶向西進(jìn)入蒙古國境內(nèi),沿南蒙古戈壁-天山帶一直延續(xù)到東準(zhǔn)噶爾(洪大衛(wèi)等,1994)。
在蒙古國索倫山北側(cè)出露一套元古代的片麻狀花崗巖(表1,石玉若等,待刊),該套花崗巖的東延問題還需要做進(jìn)一步的研究工作。
內(nèi)蒙古中部出露從古生代到中生代不同時代的花崗質(zhì)巖類(表1、圖1、圖2),其分布也具不同的規(guī)律。古生代的花崗質(zhì)巖體大都呈條帶狀沿構(gòu)造線近東西向展布,三疊紀(jì)巖體則橫跨了幾個構(gòu)造線,而三疊紀(jì)以后的巖體呈北東向展布(圖3)。以索倫山縫合帶為界,其南為南部造山帶,其北為北部造山帶(Jian et al.,2008)。北部造山帶內(nèi)主要出露奧陶紀(jì)(490 ~454Ma)、志留紀(jì)(424 ~423Ma)、石炭紀(jì)(325 ~309Ma)、二疊紀(jì)(294 ~257Ma)以及晚三疊世(222 ~204Ma)花崗質(zhì)巖類(表1 和圖4)。在北部造山帶內(nèi),以二連浩特-賀根山斷裂為界分為白音烏拉-東烏珠穆沁旗和蘇尼特-錫林浩特花崗巖帶(圖1)。白音烏拉-東烏珠穆沁旗花崗巖帶內(nèi)以早期的堿性花崗巖和正長花崗巖為主(294 ~269Ma),后期有花崗閃長巖的出露(257Ma,張玉清,2009);蘇尼特-錫林浩特花崗巖帶內(nèi)巖性復(fù)雜,以奧陶紀(jì)的石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖(490 ~464Ma)以及三疊紀(jì)的二長花崗巖和過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖(222 ~204Ma)為主,部分地方出露志留紀(jì)的黑云母二長花崗巖(423 ~424Ma)、石炭紀(jì)的石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖和石榴石花崗巖(325 ~309Ma)以及二疊紀(jì)的二長花崗巖和堿性花崗巖(281 ~276Ma)(表1、圖1)。
圖3 內(nèi)蒙古中部不同時代花崗質(zhì)巖類的大致分布圖Fig.3 The sketch shows the spatial and temporal trends of peak magmatism in Central Inner Mongolia
圖4 內(nèi)蒙古中部北部造山帶內(nèi)花崗質(zhì)巖類鋯石U-Pb年齡柱狀圖Fig.4 Cumulative plot for zircon U-Pb ages of granitoids from Northern Orogen,Central Inner Mongolia
圖5 內(nèi)蒙古中部南部造山帶內(nèi)花崗質(zhì)巖類鋯石U-Pb年齡柱狀圖Fig.5 Cumulative plot for zircon U-Pb ages of granitoids from Southern Orogen,Central Inner Mongolia
南部造山帶內(nèi)主要出露以下巖漿活動:奧陶紀(jì)(495 ~450Ma)的閃長巖、石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖、花崗閃長巖、英安巖以及奧長花崗巖;志留紀(jì)(441 ~417Ma)以閃長巖、石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖為主,有斜長巖和鈉長巖的出露;部分地區(qū)有泥盆紀(jì)正長花崗巖(387Ma)以及晚二疊世閃長巖的出露;三疊紀(jì)(238 ~208Ma)以二云母花崗巖、黑云二長花崗巖、二長花崗巖以及正長花崗巖為主,有閃長巖和花崗閃長巖的出露;晚侏羅世-早白堊世(149 ~118Ma)以正長花崗巖為主(表1 和圖5)。
以下為內(nèi)蒙古中部出露的不同年齡段花崗質(zhì)巖類的詳細(xì)分布情況:
(1)491 ~417Ma
該年齡段的花崗質(zhì)巖類分布在內(nèi)蒙古中部的溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的達(dá)茂旗(許立權(quán)等,2003;Jian et al.,2008;張維和簡平,2008)、圖林凱(劉敦一等,2003;Jian et al.,2008)、巴特敖包(Jian et al.,2008);交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的蘇尼特左旗(羅照華等,1995;Chen et al.,2000;石玉若等,2004)以及蒙古國境內(nèi)的索倫山附近(石玉若等,待刊)(圖1、表1)。
(2)390 ~387Ma
該年齡的花崗質(zhì)巖類出露在溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶南部的內(nèi)蒙古赤峰附近(Shi et al.,2010)、以及屬于華北板塊北緣的水泉溝(Miao et al.,2002)、固山(Zhang et al.,2007b)附近。
(3)353 ~302Ma
該年齡段的花崗質(zhì)巖類主要分布在交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的蘇尼特左旗(Chen et al.,2000)、錫林浩特(施光海等,2003)、蘇尼特右旗(鮑慶中等,2007;劉建峰等,2009)附近,在內(nèi)蒙古烏拉山(Miao et al.,2003)、商都(張臣等,2007)以及屬于華北板塊北緣的隆化附近(Zhang et al.,2007a)也有出露。
(4)294 ~260Ma
該年齡段的花崗質(zhì)巖類主要分布在二連浩特-賀根山一帶的二連浩特、白音烏拉、東烏珠穆沁旗附近(洪大衛(wèi)等,1994;石玉若等,待刊),在交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的西烏旗(施光海等,2004;鮑慶中等,2007)、溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的達(dá)茂旗(張維和簡平,2008)以及白乃廟(石玉若等,待刊)附近也有出露。
(5)238 ~204Ma
該年齡段的花崗質(zhì)巖類出露于交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的蘇尼特左旗(石玉若等,2004;2007)、溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的雙井子(李錦軼等,2007)、白云鄂博(陶繼雄等,2003)、林西(Liu et al.,2005)以及華北板塊北緣的喀喇沁旗附近(邵濟(jì)安等,2000)。
(6)三疊紀(jì)以后的中生代巖體(<200Ma)主要出露于林西(Liu et al.,2005)及以東地區(qū)(Wu et al.,2002,2011;Wang et al.,2006)。
早期巖體(490 ~440Ma)以石英閃長巖、花崗閃長巖、英云閃長巖、奧長花崗巖、英安巖以及閃長巖為主,具正的εNd(t)(+1.4 ~+7.1)和低ISr(0.7049 ~0.7058)值(石玉若,2005;Jian et al.,2008),并具高Sr、低Y 等埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖的一些地球化學(xué)特征(王焰等,2000;許立權(quán)等,2003;劉敦一等,2003;石玉若等,2005a;Jian et al.,2008;張維和簡平,2008)(圖6),被認(rèn)為是洋殼俯沖的產(chǎn)物。
圖6 內(nèi)蒙古中部奧陶紀(jì)代表性巖體Sr/Y-Y 圖數(shù)據(jù)來自許立權(quán)等,2003;劉敦一等,2003;石玉若等,2005a;Jian et al. ,2008Fig.6 Sr/Y-Y of some typical Ordovician granitoids from Central Inner Mongolia
圖7 內(nèi)蒙古中部蘇尼特左旗志留紀(jì)高鉀鈣堿性花崗巖的Rb-(Y+Nb)圖數(shù)據(jù)來自石玉若等,2004Fig.7 Rb vs. (Y + Nb)of Silurian high-K calc-alkaline granites from Sunidzuoqi,Central Inner Mongolia
晚期巖體,出露于交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的蘇尼特左旗附近的黑云母二長花崗巖具變化較大的εNd(t)(-2.6 ~+3.2)值,較高的ISr(0.7062 ~0.7074)值,屬高鉀鈣堿性系列,具碰撞型花崗巖的地球化學(xué)特征(圖7,石玉若等,2004,2005b);出露于溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的圖林凱,達(dá)茂旗附近的英云閃長巖、花崗閃長巖、斜長巖以及鈉長巖(劉敦一等,2003;許立權(quán)等,2003;Jian et al.,2008;張維和簡平,2008),具弱的負(fù)εNd(t)(-0.8),低的ISr(0.7047),被認(rèn)為是與碰撞有關(guān)的巖漿活動(Jian et al.,2008;張維和簡平,
2008)。
圖8 內(nèi)蒙古赤峰紅山泥盆紀(jì)花崗巖的鋯石Hf 同位素特征(據(jù)Shi et al.,2010)Fig.8 Zircon Hf isotopic features of Hongshan granite from Chifeng,Inner Mongolia (after Shi et al.,2010)
泥盆紀(jì)的巖體有溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶赤峰附近泥盆紀(jì)正長花崗巖(Shi et al.,2010)以及華北北緣水泉溝附近出露的泥盆紀(jì)二長巖,正長巖(Miao et al.,2002;Jiang,2005)、固山附近的泥盆紀(jì)閃長巖(Zhang et al.,2007b)。赤峰附近出露的泥盆紀(jì)正長花崗巖具富硅(SiO2=76.07% ~77.62%)、堿質(zhì)(Na2O+K2O =8.45% ~8.78%),貧鈣、鎂的特點,球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土元素配分模式顯示明顯的負(fù)銪異常,其他微量元素也具有A 型花崗巖的地球化學(xué)特征(其中具較高的10000 ×Ga/Al 值,~2.8),并指示其可能形成于后造山環(huán)境(A2型花崗巖);該巖體鋯石具負(fù)的εHf(t)(-11.5~-8.4),指示其可能為下地殼熔融的產(chǎn)物(圖8,Shi et al.,2010)。
圖9 內(nèi)蒙古中部白音寶力道一帶兩期高Sr 低Y 巖體Sr/Y-Y 圖▲為奧陶紀(jì)巖體,△為石炭紀(jì)巖體. 樣品MS2-7 和MS3-5 引自石玉若等,2005a;樣品93SS-2 引自Chen et al. ,2000;樣品MB1-1,MB1-3 和MB1-5 為未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù). 圖10、圖11 數(shù)據(jù)來源同此圖Fig.9 Sr/Y-Y for some typical Ordovician and Carboniferous granitoids with high Sr/Y ratios from Central Inner Mongolia
交其爾-錫林浩特一帶石炭紀(jì)的花崗質(zhì)巖體有石英閃長巖、英云閃長巖、二長花崗巖、石榴石花崗巖等(Chen et al.,2000;施光海等,2003;鮑慶中等,2007;劉建峰等,2009),蘇尼特左旗附近的石炭紀(jì)石英閃長巖,具弱的負(fù)εNd(t)(-0.2),低的ISr(0.7056)(Chen et al.,2000);西烏旗地區(qū)的石英閃長巖屬于低鉀拉斑系列和鈣堿性系列,相對富集Rb、Ba、K 等大離子親石元素,虧損Nb、Ta、Ti、P 等高場強元素,具俯沖帶成因的特征,被認(rèn)為與古亞洲洋板片的向北俯沖有關(guān)(劉建峰等,2009)。
華北北緣隆化附近的石炭紀(jì)石英閃長巖、花崗閃長巖,屬于華北板塊內(nèi)部(圖1),該期巖體具埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖的地球化學(xué)特征,被認(rèn)為是與石炭紀(jì)古亞洲洋向南俯沖有關(guān)的安第斯型大陸弧(Zhang et al.,2007a)。
二連浩特-賀根山一帶二疊紀(jì)的堿性花崗巖以白音烏拉堿性花崗巖為代表,主要分布于石炭紀(jì)花崗質(zhì)巖類出露區(qū)域的北部,具較大的ISr變化范圍(0.7052 ~0.7088)(洪大衛(wèi)等,1994)。在交其爾-錫林浩特一帶也有二疊紀(jì)的堿性花崗巖的出露(施光海等,2004)。
晚二疊紀(jì)的閃長質(zhì)巖體(張維和簡平,2008;張玉清,2009)具有高Sr、低Y 的類似埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖地球化學(xué)特征,被認(rèn)為是洋殼俯沖的產(chǎn)物(張玉清,2009)。
早期巖體以交其爾-錫林浩特一帶蘇尼特左旗附近的三疊紀(jì)二長花崗巖(石玉若等,2004)、溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶白云鄂博附近的正長花崗巖(陶繼雄等,2003)、雙井子二云母花崗巖(李錦軼等,2007),以及索倫山-林西一帶林西花崗閃長巖(Liu et al.,2005)等為主,還有華北板塊北緣喀喇沁旗附近蘇長巖、斜長巖等的出露(邵濟(jì)安等,2000)。交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的巖體具正的εNd(t)(+2.5 ~+4.5)(石玉若,2005;Liu et al.,2005)或弱的負(fù)εNd(t)(-1.50)(石玉若,2005),低的ISr(0.7041 ~0.7062)(石玉若,2005;Liu et al.,2005)。有些巖體具A 型花崗巖的特征(石玉若等,2007);有些巖體為強過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖(石玉若博士論文,2005)。溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的巖體具負(fù)εNd(t)(-5.3~-2.7),變化較大的ISr(0.7050 ~0.7090)(李錦軼等,2007)特征。
晚期巖體以索倫山-林西一帶林西附近廣泛出露的正長花崗巖為代表,具正εNd(t)(+4.4),變化較大的ISr(0.7020~0.7077)特征(Liu et al.,2005)。
在Badarch et al. (2002)對蒙古國構(gòu)造地體的劃分方案中,在索倫山蛇綠巖帶的北面存在一個Hutag Uul 地塊。我們對索倫山蛇綠巖北面出露的一套片麻狀花崗巖進(jìn)行了鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb 定年研究,其侵位年齡為1784 ±7Ma(圖1、表1),這一研究結(jié)果進(jìn)一步驗證了南蒙古微陸塊存在的認(rèn)識。Badarch 等將這一微陸塊延伸到中蒙邊界,與蘇尼特-錫林浩特帶相對應(yīng)(Fig.2,Badarch et al.,2002)。錫林浩特古陸塊的存在與否一直是個有爭議的問題(童英等,2010 及其中相關(guān)文獻(xiàn))。錫林郭勒雜巖是錫林浩特一帶出露面積較大的強變形變質(zhì)體,施光海等(2003)對該錫林郭勒雜巖定名處黑云斜長片麻巖中的鋯石進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的SHRIMP U-Pb 年代學(xué)研究工作,雜巖中最年輕的碎屑巖漿鋯石年齡限定為437±3Ma,認(rèn)為其不是前寒武紀(jì)古老地質(zhì)體,而是一套經(jīng)歷強變形變質(zhì)作用的古生代弧前濁積巖建造。根據(jù)其中存在古老的碎屑鋯石這一特征,認(rèn)為其可能與南蒙古微大陸有密切聯(lián)系,但目前還不能排除本區(qū)或周邊存在另外古老地體的可能性(施光海等,2003)??梢姡珺adarch et al. (2002)劃分的Hutag Uul 古老地塊是否延伸到中國境內(nèi)是一個值得進(jìn)一步研究的問題。
內(nèi)蒙古中部存在兩期高Sr 低Y 花崗質(zhì)巖類。奧陶紀(jì)巖體比石炭紀(jì)的這類巖體具有更高的Sr/Y 比值,奧陶紀(jì)英云閃長巖的Sr/Y 比值為40 ~78,而石炭紀(jì)的石英閃長巖和英云閃長巖的Sr/Y 比值為24 ~28(圖9)。除樣品MB1-3(474Ma)具有相對較低的重稀土含量外,這兩期巖石具有大致相同的稀土元素配分模式(圖10)。這兩期巖石也同樣具有大致相同的Sr-Nd 同位素特征(圖11)??梢娺@兩期巖體具有一定的同源性。奧陶紀(jì)巖體具埃達(dá)克質(zhì)巖的地球化學(xué)特征(王焰等,2000;許立權(quán)等,2003;劉敦一等,2003;石玉若等,2005a;Jian et al.,2008;張維和簡平,2008),而石炭紀(jì)巖體則更傾向于類似典型島弧巖漿巖特征。
圖10 內(nèi)蒙古中部白音寶力道一帶兩期高Sr 低Y 巖體稀土配分模式圖Fig.10 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for some typical Ordovician and Carboniferous granitoids with high Sr/Y ratios from Central Inner Mongolia
圖11 內(nèi)蒙古中部白音寶力道一帶兩期高Sr 低Y 巖體Sr-Nd 同位素圖解●為奧陶紀(jì)巖石樣品,○為石炭紀(jì)巖石樣品Fig.11 Sr-Nd for some typical Ordovician and Carboniferous granitoids with high Sr/Y ratios from Central Inner Mongolia
內(nèi)蒙古中部出露有兩期A 型花崗巖。二疊紀(jì)堿性花崗巖主要出露于白音烏拉-東烏珠穆沁旗花崗巖帶內(nèi);另一期是切割構(gòu)造帶的三疊紀(jì)花崗巖(表1 和圖1),同期還出露有大量過鋁-強過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖(石玉若,2005;李錦軼等,2007)。這兩期花崗巖都顯示典型的“海鷗型”稀土配分模式(圖12),較高的Ga/Al 比值,具A 型花崗巖的地球化學(xué)特征(圖13)。這兩期巖體中的鋯石都具有正的εHf(t)值,并且二疊紀(jì)的堿性花崗巖更接近虧損地幔的演化曲線(圖14),說明這兩期A 型花崗巖的形成都應(yīng)與軟流圈上涌和底侵作用有關(guān),三疊紀(jì)A 型花崗巖源區(qū)則有相對較多的殼源富集組分的加入。
圖12 內(nèi)蒙古中部二疊紀(jì)與三疊紀(jì)兩期A 型花崗巖稀土配分模式圖△為二連浩特-白音烏拉一帶二疊紀(jì)堿性花崗巖樣品,數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表;■為蘇尼特左旗附近的三疊紀(jì)A 型花崗巖樣品,引自石玉若等,2007;◆為烏蘭浩特附近三疊紀(jì)正長花崗巖樣品,數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表. 圖13 數(shù)據(jù)來源同此圖Fig.12 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for some typical Permian and Triassic syenogranites from Central Inner Mongolia
圖13 內(nèi)蒙古中部二疊紀(jì)與三疊紀(jì)兩期A 型花崗巖(Zr+Nb + Ce + Y)-(FeOT/MgO)和[(Na2O + K2O)/CaO]-10000 ×Ga/Al 圖解Fig.13 (Zr + Nb + Ce + Y)vs. (FeOT/MgO)and[(Na2O + K2O)/CaO]vs. 10000 × Ga/Al discrimination diagrams for some typical Permian and Triassic syenogranites from Central Inner Mongolia
圖14 內(nèi)蒙古中部二疊紀(jì)與三疊紀(jì)兩期A 型花崗巖鋯石U-Pb 年齡-鋯石εHf(t)圖解◇為二連浩特-白音烏拉一帶二疊紀(jì)堿性花崗巖樣品,數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表;◆為蘇尼特左旗附近的三疊紀(jì)A 型花崗巖樣品,引自候可軍等,2007Fig.14 Zircon U-Pb age vs. εHf (t)diagrams for two typical Permian and Triassic syenogranites from Central Inner Mongolia
古亞洲洋的演化是學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的焦點之一(肖序常等,1991;張旗和周國慶,2001)。國內(nèi)雖然有新元古代蛇綠巖的報道,但年齡資料爭議較大,例如溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的蛇綠巖,早先就有新元古代的年齡報道(陳森煌等,1991)。但是最近的研究表明,無論是溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶的蛇綠巖,還是交其爾-錫林浩特一帶的蛇綠巖都是奧陶紀(jì)的(劉敦一等,2003;Jian et al.,2008)。奧陶紀(jì)(490 ~440Ma)是內(nèi)蒙古中部巖漿活動的一個主要時期,巖漿具有埃達(dá)克巖的地球化學(xué)特征(王焰等,2000;許立權(quán)等,2003;劉敦一等,2003;石玉若等,2004;Jian et al.,2008;張維和簡平,2008),被解釋為熱的俯沖板塊脫水部分熔融形成的(Defant and Drummond,1990)。這些資料表明,內(nèi)蒙古中部地區(qū)不僅存在早奧陶世蛇綠巖,而且存在該時期的俯沖消減事件,反映該地區(qū)在奧陶紀(jì)時洋盆非?;钴S,存在雙向俯沖作用。
內(nèi)蒙古中部地區(qū)晚志留系磨拉石不整合覆蓋于晚元古-早古生代的增生褶皺帶上(Tang,1990)。在內(nèi)蒙古達(dá)茂旗城北的巴特敖包附近,存在志留系西別河組與奧陶系火山巖的不整合(Zhang and Tang,1989;Rong et al.,2001;Johnson et al.,2001),并且在西別河組的下部發(fā)現(xiàn)了Ludfordian 階的牙形石(Johnson et al.,2001),被認(rèn)為在志留紀(jì)時該區(qū)曾存在一個小的古大陸島——巴特島(Rong et al.,2001;Johnson et al.,2001);在蘇尼特左旗-錫林浩特一帶,志留系磨拉石不整合于早期侵位的花崗質(zhì)巖體之上(Zhang and Tang,1989)。這些都表明該區(qū)無論是溫都爾廟-西拉木倫一帶,還是交其爾-錫林浩特一帶,在晚志留紀(jì)末之前曾發(fā)生過一次較強烈的造山或地殼運動,使得早期的地層強烈變形,可能是早期的島弧或微陸塊向兩側(cè)發(fā)生拼貼、增生的結(jié)果(Tang,1990;Jian et al.,2008);并發(fā)生了抬升,從而早期侵位的花崗質(zhì)巖體被剝露出地表。本區(qū)出露的晚志留世高鉀鈣堿性花崗巖可能與這次地殼運動有關(guān)(石玉若等,2005b)。
本區(qū)的泥盆紀(jì)巖漿活動相對較少,如果此時華北板塊北緣以及蒙古陸塊南緣仍為活動大陸邊緣,我們將能在無論是北部帶還是在南部帶找到更多的泥盆紀(jì)的巖漿活動證據(jù)。但是目前僅在南部造山帶(Shi et al.,2010)、華北克拉通北緣(Miao et al.,2002;Zhang et al.,2007b)發(fā)現(xiàn)有泥盆紀(jì)的巖漿活動。該期巖體以堿性巖漿活動為特征,表明其形成于拉張環(huán)境(Jiang,2005;Zhang et al.,2007b;Shi et al.,2010),但是否與古亞洲洋的俯沖有關(guān),還需要進(jìn)一步的研究。在北部帶可見泥盆系海相磨拉石沉積以角度不整合覆蓋在早期巖體之上(唐克東和張允平,1991),代表了該區(qū)繼志留紀(jì)陸殼抬升、剝蝕后,泥盆紀(jì)陸殼拉張、海水入侵,再次接受海相沉積。
有研究者將西烏旗附近出露的石炭紀(jì)石英閃長巖與英云閃長巖劃為張性環(huán)境下的巖漿產(chǎn)物(鮑慶中等,2007);也有研究者提出在本區(qū)的北部造山帶(蘇尼特左旗-西烏旗)發(fā)育石炭紀(jì)的島弧巖漿活動(Chen et al.,2000;劉建峰等,2009),而且空間上疊置于早期奧陶紀(jì)弧巖漿帶之上。而錫林浩特一帶出露的石炭紀(jì)石榴石花崗巖被認(rèn)為是碰撞型花崗巖(施光海等,2003)。
華北克拉通北緣也同樣發(fā)育石炭紀(jì)的巖漿活動,而且被解釋為與古亞洲洋的俯沖有關(guān)的安第斯型大陸弧(Zhang et al.,2007a)。但這些巖體已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離了內(nèi)蒙中部的各個縫合帶(圖1)。
是否存在石炭紀(jì)的洋殼俯沖仍然是個爭論的問題。如果古亞洲洋在石炭紀(jì)時存在洋殼俯沖,則該雙向俯沖消減應(yīng)很劇烈,與其相對應(yīng)的巖漿活動也將很活躍。這樣不僅在北部造山帶有出露廣泛的弧巖漿活動,在南部造山帶也將能找到該期的弧巖漿活動,這需要進(jìn)一步的研究來佐證。
圖15 內(nèi)蒙古中部構(gòu)造演化模式圖Fig.15 A model for the tectonomagmatic evolution of Central Inner Mongolia
在早、中二疊世北部帶(蒙古地塊的南緣)發(fā)生了廣泛的拉張,不同地區(qū)表現(xiàn)形式不一樣。在蘇尼特左旗北部地區(qū),表現(xiàn)為強烈的堿性花崗質(zhì)巖漿活動(洪大衛(wèi)等,1994);在西烏旗則有雙峰式火山巖的發(fā)育(Zhang et al.,2008)。這些都應(yīng)是軟流圈上涌和底侵作用的產(chǎn)物。南部帶則表現(xiàn)為強烈的俯沖消減作用,并存在洋脊-海溝碰撞消減的跡象(Jian et al.,2010)。
晚二疊世林西蛇綠巖的就位(Wang and Liu,1986)以及晚二疊世-早三疊世索倫山蛇綠巖的就位(Jian et al.,2010)代表了古亞洲洋在該區(qū)的最終閉合,是陸-陸碰撞的開始。該區(qū)出露的中三疊世殼源過鋁質(zhì)花崗巖是同碰撞產(chǎn)物(李錦軼等,2007),晚三疊世A 型花崗巖的發(fā)育(石玉若等,2007),則標(biāo)志著造山后的伸展作用。這種伸展作用被認(rèn)為與造山作用后期巖石圈的拆沉作用有關(guān)(邵濟(jì)安等,1994;石玉若等,2007),是軟流圈上涌、巖漿底侵的產(chǎn)物。該區(qū)出露的晚中生代巖體是玄武質(zhì)底侵物質(zhì)與老的下地殼巖石混合的產(chǎn)物(Liu et al.,2005)。
內(nèi)蒙古中部廣泛分布的花崗質(zhì)巖類是中亞造山帶(Jahn et al.,2000b)構(gòu)造-巖漿演化產(chǎn)物,是造山帶的重要組成部分。這些花崗質(zhì)巖類巖漿活動的時空分布及巖石組合類型的變化,也印記了華北板塊北緣與蒙古地塊碰撞拼合的進(jìn)程。從本文對內(nèi)蒙古中部出露的不同時代花崗質(zhì)巖類的巖石組合及地化特征的簡要探討可以看出,古亞洲洋在該區(qū)的演化是一個十分復(fù)雜的過程,其經(jīng)歷了早期的雙向俯沖、拼貼/增生、泥盆紀(jì)拉張、二疊紀(jì)的拉張、以及晚二疊世-早中生代初期的陸-陸碰撞等一系列構(gòu)造過程。中亞造山帶雖然是較為典型的增生型造山帶(Seng?r et al.,1993),地殼生長表現(xiàn)為以島弧地體及增生雜巖的側(cè)向增生為主。但是,內(nèi)蒙中部地區(qū)乃至整個中亞造帶,無論是早古生代的巖體,還是中生代的巖體,大都以正的εNd(t)的為特征(Jahn et al.,2000b),表明顯生宙以來以幔源巖漿底侵為代表的垂向增生對大陸地殼生長同樣有重要貢獻(xiàn)(Jahn,2004;Hong et al.,2004)。
致謝 感謝張旗研究員、洪大衛(wèi)研究員、李錦軼研究員、王濤研究員、羅照華教授、徐備教授、吳福元研究員、張福勤研究員以及苗來成博士曾給予的建設(shè)性意見!感謝鮑慶中研究員、張拴宏研究員、童英博士、劉建峰博士、杜利林博士的有益討論。
謹(jǐn)以此文慶賀鄧晉福教授八十華誕暨從事地質(zhì)工作60周年!
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