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南海北部天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)地球物理初探

2014-04-07 10:20:15耿明會關(guān)永賢宋海斌陳江欣
海洋學(xué)研究 2014年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:泥火山水合物運(yùn)移

耿明會,關(guān)永賢,宋海斌,陳江欣

南海北部天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)地球物理初探

耿明會1,2,3,關(guān)永賢4,宋海斌1,2,陳江欣1,2,3

(1.中國科學(xué)院油氣資源研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100029;2.中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所,北京 100029;3.中國科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049;4.廣州海洋地質(zhì)調(diào)查局,廣東廣州 510760)

本文主要針對南海北部大陸邊緣發(fā)育的5個沉積盆地——臺西南盆地、珠江口盆地、瓊東南盆地、鶯歌海盆地和中建南盆地,分析了近年來利用地球物理方法研究南海北部天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)的成果,重點(diǎn)包括3個方面:天然氣水合物的儲藏、流體運(yùn)移通道以及海底表面滲漏特征。其中表征天然氣水合物存在的似海底反射BSR在臺西南和珠江口盆地發(fā)育明顯,鶯歌海盆地發(fā)現(xiàn)有大型氣田;5個盆地流體運(yùn)移活躍,其內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)了多樣的運(yùn)移通道:斷層、底辟、氣煙囪、多邊形斷層及水道(峽谷)等破裂結(jié)構(gòu);海底表面滲漏特征也在臺西南、珠江口、鶯歌海和中建南盆地均有發(fā)現(xiàn)。南海北部大陸邊緣天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)廣泛發(fā)育,值得進(jìn)一步深入研究。

南海北部;天然氣;流體運(yùn)移通道;海底冷泉

0 引言

含天然氣的流體到達(dá)海底表面以噴涌或滲漏的方式進(jìn)入海洋,稱為海底滲漏(冷泉),海底表面滲漏特征表現(xiàn)為麻坑、泥火山、羽狀體等。深水區(qū)滲漏系統(tǒng)的天然氣可能來自于深部的熱解成因天然氣和淺部的生物成因天然氣,也可能由天然氣水合物分解而來[1-2]。含天然氣的流體運(yùn)移通道包括:斷層、泥火山、泥底辟、氣煙囪、多邊形斷層、管狀構(gòu)造和麻坑等破裂結(jié)構(gòu)。流體運(yùn)移通道不僅指示了天然氣的聚集和運(yùn)移,同時使得海底結(jié)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)定,造成沉積層坍塌、海底滑坡等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害,給油氣、天然氣水合物開采及海底工程安全帶來隱患[3]。

天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)是海洋環(huán)境中廣泛分布的一種自然現(xiàn)象,在世界各大洋均有發(fā)現(xiàn)[4]。南海北部是我國海洋油氣主要產(chǎn)區(qū),并蘊(yùn)藏天然氣水合物資源,天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)與油氣、天然氣水合物關(guān)系密切。南海北部大陸邊緣發(fā)育有5個主要的沉積盆地,從東向西依次為:臺西南盆地、珠江口盆地、瓊東南盆地、中建南盆地和鶯歌海盆地,都是含油氣盆地[5]。本文分別針對這5個盆地總結(jié)了近年來利用地球物理方法研究南海北部天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)(圖1)的成果,重點(diǎn)包括3個方面:天然氣水合物的儲藏、流體運(yùn)移通道以及海底冷泉。

1 臺西南盆地

臺西南盆地,位于呂宋火山島弧和南海北部張裂(被動)大陸邊緣之間,盆地內(nèi)包含2個構(gòu)造單元:馬尼拉海溝俯沖形成的疊瓦狀增生楔的主動大陸邊緣和伴隨南海海盆擴(kuò)張形成的被動大陸邊緣。利用多道地震方法(圖2)在此區(qū)域發(fā)現(xiàn)了眾多天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)的證據(jù),圖3為指示天然氣水合物存在的似海底反射BSR(Bottom-simulating reflector)帶,BSR主要分布在增生楔下半坡以及南海北部大陸坡東北部,這2個區(qū)域分別有褶皺沖斷構(gòu)造和鏟狀正斷層作為流體運(yùn)移通道從而有利于形成天然氣水合物賦存區(qū)。增生楔上半坡分布有成簇泥底辟,流體運(yùn)動活躍,還可觀察到天然氣滲漏進(jìn)入海洋的現(xiàn)象[6-7]。泥火山主要展布在南部凹陷陸坡深水區(qū)和陸上臺南—高雄地區(qū)(圖4),其中陸上泥火山區(qū)已發(fā)現(xiàn)天然氣苗,陸坡深水區(qū)泥火山及其伴生圈閉構(gòu)造為滲漏型天然氣水合物的富集提供了有利環(huán)境[8-10]。

2 珠江口盆地

珠江口盆地位于南海北部大陸邊緣中部,面積約17.5×104km2,是南海的重要油氣產(chǎn)區(qū),也是天然氣水合物賦存區(qū)。利用地震方法在盆地中南部發(fā)現(xiàn)了集中型流體運(yùn)移系統(tǒng)和與其相關(guān)的地震異常區(qū)域(圖5)。在剖面上地震異常表現(xiàn)為增強(qiáng)反射、聲空白和聲混濁特征,指示了淺層氣的存在[11]。流體運(yùn)移系統(tǒng)分為2類:一類是位于地層深處的正斷層、氣煙囪、管狀構(gòu)造和泥底辟/泥火山為熱成因天然氣運(yùn)移至水合物穩(wěn)定帶提供通道;另一類位于淺部,混合的熱成因天然氣和生物成因天然氣沿小斷層或峽谷運(yùn)移至天然氣水合物穩(wěn)定帶,部分可能通過麻坑進(jìn)入海洋[11]。東沙海區(qū)(包括珠江口東南部和臺西南盆地西部)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的海底冷泉,綜合區(qū)域地震資料可知該區(qū)域適合天然氣水合物聚集,其中斷層和泥底辟將深部熱成因天然氣和淺層生物成因天然氣運(yùn)移至水合物穩(wěn)定帶形成天然氣水合物,甚至到達(dá)海底表面形成海底天然氣滲漏(冷泉)[12]。位于珠江口盆地的白云凹陷是南海北部最大的深水凹陷,處于陸殼向洋殼過渡地區(qū),區(qū)域內(nèi)沉積速率高、埋藏有巨厚烴源巖,受構(gòu)造背景影響斷裂發(fā)育,中心地區(qū)發(fā)育有泥底辟,除此之外還發(fā)現(xiàn)有氣煙囪和BSR(圖6),證實(shí)了白云凹陷是天然氣水合物勘探的遠(yuǎn)景區(qū)[13-14]。

3 瓊東南盆地

瓊東南盆地屬于新生代被動大陸邊緣型盆地,具有超壓、高沉積速率、高熱流及構(gòu)造復(fù)雜的特征。盆地內(nèi)烴源物質(zhì)發(fā)育,集中型流體運(yùn)動活躍,為天然氣水合物形成提供了充足氣源。利用地震方法在該區(qū)域發(fā)現(xiàn)了指示天然氣水合物賦存的BSR(圖7)和多種天然氣運(yùn)移通道:氣煙囪、泥底辟、管狀構(gòu)造以及在平面上呈現(xiàn)為多邊形形態(tài)、小斷距、密集分布的多邊形斷層;一些流體運(yùn)移還與大型水道(峽谷)和塊體搬運(yùn)體系相關(guān)[15-22]。

4 鶯歌海盆地

位于南海北部大陸架西部的鶯歌海盆地,是個高沉降速率、高熱流的超壓盆地,主要包括3個構(gòu)造單元,從東向西依次是:鶯東斜坡帶、中央坳陷帶和鶯西斜坡帶。盆地內(nèi)觀察到密集的流體運(yùn)動,中央坳陷帶內(nèi)發(fā)育氣煙囪和多個泥底辟區(qū)(圖8),為從超壓地層來的熱流體提供了垂直運(yùn)移通道;盆地內(nèi)廣泛分布有作為海底天然氣滲漏(冷泉)活動標(biāo)志的麻坑;不僅是中央坳陷帶巨厚沉積地區(qū),邊緣隆起帶地區(qū)也發(fā)現(xiàn)有天然氣滲漏現(xiàn)象;1號斷裂帶也是流體運(yùn)移的主要通道之一,附近觀測到很多海底滲漏現(xiàn)象和一個大型氣田[9,23-31]。

5 中建南盆地

中建南盆地面積超過105km2,跨越陸架和陸坡等地貌單元,水深變化極大;盆地沉積厚度極大,達(dá)到8 500 m;地溫梯度高,有利于有機(jī)質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,因此烴源巖發(fā)育;局部構(gòu)造發(fā)育、圈閉類型豐富多樣,烴類的運(yùn)移和聚集條件良好,是油氣遠(yuǎn)景區(qū)[32-34]。圖9和圖10所示的研究區(qū)域位于南海西北部,包括中建南盆地的北部和部分廣樂隆起區(qū)域。該區(qū)域位于南海北部和西部的交接處,斷層發(fā)育,地質(zhì)條件復(fù)雜,流體運(yùn)移活躍[32]。利用地震及多波束測深資料已發(fā)現(xiàn)中建南盆地北部有斷層、泥火山、麻坑、多邊形斷層、管道等流體運(yùn)移通道發(fā)育,為烴類氣體在天然氣水合物穩(wěn)定帶聚集提供了通道[35-37]。如圖9和圖10所示,中建南盆地北部發(fā)育麻坑和泥火山,麻坑多為直徑在千米量級的巨麻坑,深度約百米,其形成與海底含天然氣流體的逸散相關(guān),麻坑在形成之初大多數(shù)形狀為圓形或橢圓形,后在多變海洋環(huán)境和海底流體活動作用下變?yōu)槔L形或新月形。

6 結(jié)語

南海北部邊緣盆地地質(zhì)構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,沉積厚度大,生烴能力強(qiáng);局部高熱流、超壓、快速沉積,聚集型流體運(yùn)移在該區(qū)域分布廣泛;深部的熱解成因氣、淺部的生物成因氣或者混合氣沿?cái)嗔?、泥火?泥底辟、氣煙囪、多邊形斷層等構(gòu)造通道快速運(yùn)移至天然氣水合物穩(wěn)定帶,形成構(gòu)造圈閉型水合物藏,少部分通過麻坑和泥火山進(jìn)入海洋[22,38-41]。

南海北部,從油氣勘探開發(fā)的成果來看,西部產(chǎn)氣為主,東部產(chǎn)油為主。從天然氣水合物勘查結(jié)果來看,東部似海底反射發(fā)育并且典型,西部的BSR并不明顯。從海底冷泉有關(guān)的特征來看,西部的鶯歌海盆地泥底辟、油氣苗均非常顯著,但水深較淺,不發(fā)育天然氣水合物穩(wěn)定帶;西部的瓊東南盆地以及其南部的中建南盆地均有大型麻坑發(fā)育,也有一些泥火山;珠江口盆地的白云凹陷是深水油氣的主要勘探區(qū),2007年廣州海洋地質(zhì)調(diào)查局在神弧海域鉆獲了天然氣水合物,該盆地也存在部分海底天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)存在的相關(guān)依據(jù),但研究尚需深化;南海東北部(臺西南盆地區(qū))有典型的BSR分布,是南海海域天然氣水合物分布的重點(diǎn)區(qū)?,F(xiàn)有的調(diào)查研究取得了眾多成果,在海底冷泉系統(tǒng)的研究方面也出現(xiàn)了可喜的發(fā)現(xiàn),值得進(jìn)一步總結(jié)分析。

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Preliminary geophysical studies of the natural gas seepage systems in the northern South China Sea

GENG Ming-hui1,2,3,GUAN Yong-xian4,SONG Hai-bin1,2,CHEN Jiang-xin1,2,3
(1.Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China;2.Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China;3.University of Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100049,China;4.Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey,Guangzhou 510760,China)

Five sedimentary basins develop in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea:the Southwest Taiwan Basin,the Pearl River Mouth Basin,the Qiongdongnan Basin,the Yinggehai Basin and the Zhongjiannan Basin.We summarized the research of five basins'gas seepage systems with the use of geophysical methods,focusing on three aspects:natural gas hydrate reservoirs,fluid migration pathways and seeping features near the seabed.The results show that BSRs indicating the presence of natural gas hydrate are found in the Southwest Taiwan Basin,the Pearl River Mouth Basin,and there is a large gas field in the Yinggehai Basin;five basins have active fluid migration,where we can find a variety of pathways:faults,diapirs,gas chimneys,polygonal faults,channels(canyon)and other fracture structures;seeping features near the seabed have been found in the Southwest Taiwan Basin,the Pearl River Mouth Basin,the Yinggehai Basin and the Zhongjiannan Basin.The northern continental margin of the South China Sea with wide distribution of the gas seepage systems deserves further studies.

northern South China Sea;natural gas;fluid migration path;seabed cold seeps

P744.4

A

1001-909X(2014)02-0046-07

10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2014.02.006

耿明會,關(guān)永賢,宋海斌,等.南海北部天然氣滲漏系統(tǒng)地球物理初探[J].海洋學(xué)研究,2014,32(2):46-52,

10.3969/j.issn. 1001-909X.2014.02.006.

GENG Ming-hui,GUAN Yong-xian,SONG Hai-bin,et al.Preliminary geophysical studies of the natural gas seepage systems in the northern South China Sea[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2014,32(2):46-52,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2014.02.006.

2013-12-24…………

2014-03-31

國家自然科學(xué)基金重大計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目資助(91128205)

耿明會(1990-),女,山東臨沂市人,主要從事海洋地球物理方面的研究。E-mail:gengminghui5591788@163.com

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