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(長江科學院 河流研究所,武漢 430010)
自20世紀80年代《長江科學院院報》創(chuàng)刊以來,發(fā)表在該刊的有關(guān)水流泥沙運動規(guī)律、河流泥沙與河道治理方面的論文共計達300余篇,其中2000年以后發(fā)表的論文數(shù)占到了70.8%。按發(fā)表人員所屬單位統(tǒng)計,長江科學院河流研究所共發(fā)表論文256篇,占83.11%;從發(fā)表的論文內(nèi)容來看,有關(guān)水流泥沙基本理論研究有80篇,有關(guān)河流工程實踐有200篇,設(shè)備儀器研發(fā)有16篇,軟件開發(fā)有12篇。
在長江科學院(以下簡稱“長科院”)河流研究所發(fā)表的論文中,集中反映了:①緊密結(jié)合長江流域防洪規(guī)劃、長江中下游干流河道治理規(guī)劃、長江中下游干流河道采砂規(guī)劃與長江流域綜合規(guī)劃等方面的研究成果;②三峽、葛洲壩、丹江口等樞紐壩區(qū)、庫區(qū)及下游河道泥沙,以及南水北調(diào)和長江其他支流樞紐泥沙問題的成果;③長江河道崩岸機理與防治技術(shù)、重點河段河道整治及水利血防技術(shù)方面的成果;④長江防洪模型建設(shè)與應(yīng)用方面,以及在橋梁、電廠、港埠碼頭、跨江管道、隧道等方面的研究成果?,F(xiàn)從長江河流泥沙、河流模擬及河道治理研究3個方面的成果進行分述。
河道水沙運動基本理論研究不僅有助于推動本學科的發(fā)展,而且可以深入認識與解決長江治理開發(fā)利用中的工程泥沙問題。長科院河流研究所在長江河道天然水流運動特性及水工建筑物局部水流運動規(guī)律方面開展了進一步的研究。
(1) 在河道水流運動規(guī)律方面,張植堂等[1-2]分析了荊江、水庫庫區(qū)的水流特性和運動規(guī)律,提出了河灣水流垂線平均流速公式、水流動力軸線彎曲半徑以及河灣主流頂沖部位的表達式,對長江上游河床卵石起動流速表達式進行了討論;盧金友[3](1990)推導(dǎo)了適用于長江中下游河道的流速分布公式;姚仕明等[4](2005)采用ADCP設(shè)備觀測了三峽黃陵廟水文斷面的流速分布;徐海濤等[5](2005)對天然彎道的雷諾應(yīng)力進行了分析;劉同宦等[6](2007)對有一定交匯角度的匯流水域的水流結(jié)構(gòu)進行了實驗觀測研究;朱代臣等[7](2008)等實驗觀測了Y型加糙物周圍水體的運動規(guī)律。
(2) 在水流運動數(shù)值模擬研究方面,董耀華[8](1996)采用數(shù)值模擬的方法研究了彎道水流的基本特性;周宜林[9](2001)采用大渦模擬的方法從更精細的角度揭示丁壩局部水流結(jié)構(gòu)及運動規(guī)律;張細兵等[10](2006)采用平面二維模型模擬了潰壩洪水的演進過程。
通過以上實測及模擬研究,迅速掌握了長江的水流運動特性及典型涉水建筑物附近的水流結(jié)構(gòu),為進一步了解其泥沙運動及河床變形規(guī)律打下基礎(chǔ)。
在泥沙運動基本規(guī)律研究方面,長科院河流研究所對長江天然泥沙起動、推移質(zhì)輸沙、各類模型沙起動與沉降、長江泥沙來源等方面集中開展了研究,對深入了解長江泥沙輸移規(guī)律、準確模擬長江河道有重要意義。
1.2.1 泥沙起動研究
在泥沙起動研究方面,盧金友[11-12]等對長江中下游的泥沙起動公式進行了探討,并對長江上游的推移質(zhì)起動和輸移進行了研究;姚仕明等[13](2001)研究了彎道水流中的推移質(zhì)起動輸移;徐海濤等[14](2011)研究了不連續(xù)寬級配推移質(zhì)的輸移規(guī)律;金中武等[15](2014)研究了壅水條件下的推移質(zhì)起動和輸移。
1.2.2 泥沙來源分析
在泥沙來源分析方面,劉毅等[16](1995)對長江上游流域的地表侵蝕與河流泥沙輸移進行了定量分析;董耀華等[17](2008)對長江中游干流河道的輸沙特性和變化趨勢進行了初步分析;胡向陽等[18](2010)對長江中下游在三峽水庫蓄水前后的輸沙變化規(guī)律進行了研究。
1.2.3 泥沙特性研究
在泥沙特性研究方面,師哲等[19](2000)和孫貴洲等[20](2007)分別對粉煤灰模型沙和親水性樹脂基復(fù)合模型沙的力學特性進行了研究;孟震等[21](2011)從數(shù)學公式推導(dǎo)的角度對床沙的二維相對隱蔽度和起動特性進行了研究。
1.2.4 工程泥沙研究
在工程泥沙研究方面,為治江事業(yè)提供科技支撐,緊密結(jié)合水利工程開展科學研究,先后對三峽、穿黃、南水北調(diào)等工程泥沙問題開展了大量的研究。如張植堂[22](1988)系統(tǒng)研究了水庫淤積末端相對高度問題;殷瑞蘭等[23](1989)對葛洲壩樞紐三江下引航道水流結(jié)構(gòu)及淤積規(guī)律進行了研究;葉樹森等[24](1989)分析了葛洲壩工程三江航道“動水沖沙”的效果;梁中賢等[25](1997)研究了三峽工程二期施工通航和泥沙等問題;魏國遠等[26](2001)研究了三峽水利樞紐壩區(qū)泥沙問題;范北林等[27-28](2002)研究了穿黃工程與河勢防洪的關(guān)系,以及南水北調(diào)中線工程調(diào)水后對漢江中下游河勢的影響。
可見,長科院河流研究所對泥沙運動基本規(guī)律的研究,主要集中在泥沙起動輸移規(guī)律和模型沙物理特性2方面,而且將研究成果直接的應(yīng)用于解決實際工程中的泥沙問題,既豐富了學科基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容,又具有較大的工程價值。
近年來河流研究所通過引入新的科學研究方法對河流水流泥沙、河流生態(tài)及環(huán)境泥沙等方面的研究,取得了較多的成果。
1.3.1 非線性科學分析方法
非線性科學分析方法包括分形理論、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、小波分析及熵理論等。周銀軍等[29](2011)采用分形理論研究床面分形特性及其物理涵義;王洪虎等[30](2012)采用分形理論研究寬級配泥沙分形特性及其輸移規(guī)律;李健等[31](2007)采用極值原理與熵理論研究河道演變;張慧[32](2004)應(yīng)用概率神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)測河床床面形態(tài)變化;藺秋生[33](2009)應(yīng)用小波理論分析宜昌站的水沙徑流量變化的周期性,這些研究為非線性科學深入河流泥沙研究提供了思路和實踐經(jīng)驗。
1.3.2 血吸蟲防治研究
血吸蟲涉及到生態(tài)水利領(lǐng)域,為當前研究的重點問題。張威等[34](1994)參考泥沙起動流量模式研究了釘螺起動流速;童凡等[35](2007)進行了沉螺池的攔螺墻布置試驗;王家生等[36](2007)討論了環(huán)境變化對釘螺擴散的影響;在此基礎(chǔ)上,魏國遠等[37](2009)對中層取水防螺措施進行了優(yōu)化研究;盧金友等[38](2011)則探討了“平垸行洪、退田還湖”對血吸蟲病擴散的影響及對策。目前,從動力學和生態(tài)學角度開展水利血防研究已經(jīng)成了長科院河流專業(yè)特色之一。
物理模型作為河流模擬重要的研究手段,長期以來在工程泥沙領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用,長科院河流研究所科研人員在進行大量物理模型試驗工作的同時,亦對物理模型的一些基礎(chǔ)問題進行了研究,如:殷瑞蘭[39](1990)研究了河工模型的阻力相似問題;姚仕明等[40](1999)研究了實體模型變率問題;孫貴洲等[41](2010)、廖小永[42](2010)分別研究了長江防洪實體模型垂線流速的相似性及懸移質(zhì)泥沙運動的相似條件;李發(fā)政等[43]則分析了長河段河工模型時間變態(tài)影響及水沙過程控制方式。上述研究豐富了河流研究所在河工模型方面的研究成果,促進河流研究所成為了國內(nèi)河工模型研究的權(quán)威單位,并編制了國家行業(yè)標準《河工模型試驗規(guī)程》。
在河工模型測控設(shè)備方面,黃建成等[44](1998)進行了河工模型自動加沙控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與應(yīng)用;龍超平等[45](2002)對長江防洪模型中關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題進行了初步探討,指出了模型測控方面有待加強的地方。近年來,河流研究所與高校合作,對新型實驗設(shè)備研發(fā)進行了探索,研發(fā)了大量實用的模型設(shè)備儀器,主要有:范北林等[46](2006)河工模型三維地形測量系統(tǒng);林木松等[47](2007)河工模型專用智能水表;吳新生等[48](2010)潮汐模型變頻生潮與量測控制系統(tǒng);許明等[49](2012)河工模型試驗供水供沙系統(tǒng)的自動化控制設(shè)備,以及胡向陽等[50](2014)基于醫(yī)用B超技術(shù)的含沙量測量儀器。
在數(shù)學模型研究方面,范北林[51](1993)研發(fā)了河道平面二維泥沙數(shù)學模型;董耀華[52-53](1994,1995 )研究了天然河道長河段一維非恒定流數(shù)模和河口潮流河段二維非恒定流數(shù)模。這些模型具有較高的計算效率和實用價值,為河流研究所后來的數(shù)學模型研究和工程應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。隨著計算機技術(shù)的發(fā)展和工程需要,黃仁勇等[54](2009)又相繼研發(fā)了可模擬梯級水庫水沙輸移和河道演變的一維模型;宮平等[55](2002)做了江湖聯(lián)算一維水沙數(shù)學模型研究;董耀華[56](2001)作了河勢貼體河道平面二維正交網(wǎng)格模型研究;張杰等[57](2006)進行平面二維溫排水數(shù)學模型研究;孫先等[58](2012)和胡德超等[59](2013)進行了立面二維模型和三維水沙模型研究;萬遠揚等[60](2008)進行了水沙數(shù)學模型在線計算;張細兵等[61](2014)作了基于Google Earth的可視化平臺開發(fā)。上述數(shù)學模型不僅在模型計算方面有較好的研究成果,還重視后處理可視化和新技術(shù)的引入,這一系列模型和方法經(jīng)過實踐檢驗后成為了長科院“HL”系列模擬軟件的基礎(chǔ)。
長科院河流研究所自成立以來,就開始應(yīng)對長江河道治理與工程泥沙方面的治江科技需求,近30a來結(jié)合長江流域防洪規(guī)劃、長江中下游干流河道治理規(guī)劃、長江中下游干流河道采砂規(guī)劃以及長江流域綜合規(guī)劃等方面的研究,積極參與長江重點河段河道整治、河道崩岸機理與防治以及江湖關(guān)系控制等工程實踐,形成以下重要研究成果。
潘慶燊等[62-63]在1997年開展了長江中游宜昌至城陵磯河段河道演變分析,2001年進一步研究了近50 a整個長江中下游的河道變遷;夏細禾等[64](2000)針對分汊河型,研究了長江中下游河道的穩(wěn)定性;殷瑞蘭[65](2002)則針對了蜿蜒性河流研究了其演變機理。
在河道整治工程及技術(shù)研究方面,夏細禾等[66](2001)研究了河岸窩崩災(zāi)害與治理措施;潘慶燊等[67](2005)系統(tǒng)提出了長江中下游分汊河段的整治原則與方法;姚仕明等[68](2006)則進行了拋石護岸工程試驗研究;黃悅等[69](2013)初步提出了長江中游河床下切控制節(jié)點。
對長江中下游的典型河段,沈惠漱等[70](1990)研究了界牌河段的綜合治理方案;盧金友等[71](1996)進行了武漢河段整治研究;林木松等[72](2006)分析了長江鎮(zhèn)揚河段近期河床演變趨勢及整治措施,呂麗君等[73](2009)對長江馬鞍山河段河道演變及整治進行了研究。
長江中下游水系發(fā)達,近年由于三峽水庫蓄水影響,江湖關(guān)系發(fā)生變化。對此,河流研究所開展了大量研究。如羅敏遜等[74]在1998年開展了荊江與洞庭湖匯流區(qū)演變分析;唐日長[75]在2001年開展了荊江四口控制工程初步研究;宮平等[76]開展了試析荊江四口建閘控制對江湖沖淤的影響;盧金友等[77-78](2009,2014)探討了長江中游下荊江調(diào)弦口治理方案及三峽水庫運用后其下游江湖演變與治理的若干問題。
隨著長江以防洪為主的“治江三階段”任務(wù)已基本付諸實施,長江水利發(fā)展進入了新的歷史時期。需在認真總結(jié)以往研究工作的基礎(chǔ)上,緊密結(jié)合未來社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需求與科技進步因素,展望河流專業(yè)發(fā)展的未來。
(1) 應(yīng)加強長江流域宏觀泥沙問題研究,主要包括流域水沙分布規(guī)律及其變化、大區(qū)域大面積水沙運移規(guī)律、大型水利水電工程泥沙問題、多工程疊加累計的泥沙問題與環(huán)境效應(yīng)。
(2) 深入長江流域中細觀泥沙問題研究,在以往泥沙研究與工程實踐的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步開展非均勻沙輸移規(guī)律、長距離不平衡輸沙規(guī)律、河床地貌演變機理、江湖演變機理、崩岸機理,以及人類活動條件下河道演變特性等方面的研究。
(3) 應(yīng)突出長江河道與湖泊的綜合治理研究,主要研究長江河道與湖泊多功能多目標的綜合治理方向、整治技術(shù)及防洪搶險與護岸工程加固技術(shù)等。
(4) 加大治江重大課題的研究力度,更好地服務(wù)于治江事業(yè),以長江防洪模型為依托,深入開展三峽及干支流控制性水利水電工程建成后長江中下游防洪形勢及對策的研究、開展大型水利水電工程運用后泥沙問題后評估與長江流域水沙多維調(diào)控理論與關(guān)鍵技術(shù)等方面的研究、開展防止釘螺擴散新技術(shù)以及水沙環(huán)境與江湖關(guān)系變化對釘螺擴散的影響及防治對策技術(shù)等方面的研究。
(5) 改進與完善傳統(tǒng)的研究手段,尤其需要關(guān)注泥沙學科的新理論,借助高新技術(shù)手段研究本學科的問題。未來一段時間,只有通過加強長江流域宏觀泥沙問題、深入長江流域中細觀泥沙問題、突出長江河道與湖泊的綜合治理等研究,方能服務(wù)于更大范圍和更高目標的治江事業(yè),提升長科院河流專業(yè)在本行業(yè)內(nèi)的學術(shù)地位與影響力。
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