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靈芝多糖對斑馬魚存活、發(fā)育和衰老的影響

2014-03-22 02:58夏廣清姚慧敏董麗紅
關(guān)鍵詞:斑馬魚靈芝存活

夏廣清,姚慧敏,董麗紅,劉 偉

(通化師范學(xué)院1.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院;2.制藥與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院;3.化學(xué)學(xué)院,吉林通化 134002)

靈芝多糖對斑馬魚存活、發(fā)育和衰老的影響

夏廣清1,姚慧敏2,董麗紅3,劉 偉1

(通化師范學(xué)院1.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院;2.制藥與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院;3.化學(xué)學(xué)院,吉林通化 134002)

目的 觀察靈芝多糖對斑馬魚存活、發(fā)育和衰老的影響。方法 取正常受精的斑馬魚卵,在其單細(xì)胞發(fā)育期注射二胺嗎啉代寡核苷酸(MO),制備p53基因敲除斑馬魚模型。正常斑馬魚卵和p53基因敲除斑馬魚卵孵育8 h后,分別加入靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1于28℃繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)3 d,測定斑馬魚存活率和畸形率,并用衰老相關(guān)β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-gal)染色法分析斑馬魚細(xì)胞SA-β-gal染色陽性率,用逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR檢測衰老相關(guān)基因端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶基因(TERT)、抑癌基因p53、小鼠雙微體基因(mdm2)和p21基因表達(dá)。結(jié)果 靈芝多糖1和2 g·L-1培養(yǎng)3 d對野生型斑馬魚的發(fā)育無明顯影響,3 g·L-1時大部分野生型斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)為畸形,并且存活率僅為48.6%;靈芝多糖1~3 g·L-1對p53基因敲除斑馬魚的存活和發(fā)育無明顯影響。靈芝多糖2 g·L-1處理3 d,野生型斑馬魚SA-β-gal染色陽性率與對照組相比明顯降低(P<0.01),p53基因敲除斑馬魚SA-β-gal染色陽性率無明顯變化。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR結(jié)果表明,靈芝多糖2 g·L-1可降低野生型斑馬魚細(xì)胞p21和p53基因表達(dá)(P<0.05,P<0.01),對TERT和mdm2基因表達(dá)無明顯影響;對p53基因敲除斑馬魚TERT,mdm2,p21和p53基因表達(dá)均無明顯影響。結(jié)論 靈芝多糖2 g·L-1對野生型斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制性衰老具有改善作用,≥3 g·L-1時可導(dǎo)致野生型斑馬魚幼胚發(fā)育畸形和死亡。靈芝多糖對斑馬魚衰老的改善作用可能與其降低p21和p53基因表達(dá)有關(guān)。

靈芝多糖;斑馬魚;衰老

靈芝多糖(ganoderma polysaccharides)存在于靈芝屬真菌的菌絲體和子實體中,是靈芝所含的主要化學(xué)成分之一[1]。林曉等[2]報道,靈芝多糖對老年大鼠具有抗皮膚衰老的作用。王家鵬等[3]報道,靈芝多糖可延緩大鼠衰老,提高其抗氧化能力,并抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化物的形成。p53基因作為腫瘤抑制基因,還具有抑制細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞衰老等作用[4]。Langheinrich等[5-6]在斑馬魚胚胎期注射二胺嗎啉代寡核苷酸(morpholino phosphorodiamidate,MO)構(gòu)建p53缺陷型胚胎,比較喜樹堿對p53缺陷型和正常斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞凋亡的影響,結(jié)果在p53缺陷型胚胎未見到凋亡細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)。因此,本研究通過對比觀察靈芝多糖對野生型斑馬魚和p53基因敲除型斑馬魚存活、發(fā)育和衰老的影響,為靈芝多糖的應(yīng)用提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 斑馬魚、藥物、試劑和主要儀器

野生型斑馬魚由中國海洋大學(xué)生命科學(xué)院提供。靈芝多糖購自陜西昂盛生物醫(yī)藥科技有限公司,多糖含量為97.32%。將靈芝多糖10 mg溶于1 mL孵育魚卵用的水溶液中,制成10 g·L-1儲存液備用。Trizol和RT-PCR試劑盒,大連寶生物有限公司;p53-MO由基因公司合成[7],堿基序列為GCGCCATTGCTTTGCAAGAATTG;衰老相關(guān)β-半乳糖苷酶(senescence associated β-galactosidase,SA-β-gal)購自美國Sigma公司;與衰老相關(guān)基因端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT)基因引物:5′GTGTGTGTGTCCTGGGTAAA3′,5′CAGCCTGAGGTCTAAGAA GATG3′;抑癌基因野生型p53引物:5′GATAGCCTAGTGCGAGCACACTCTT3′,5′AGCTGCATGGGGGGGAT3′;p53敲除型引物:5′GATAGCCTAGTGCGAGCACACTCTT3′,5′AGCTGCATGGGGGGGAA3′;小鼠雙微體(murine double minute,mdm2)基因引物:5′GACTACTGGAAGTGTCCCAAAT3′,5′GTCCACTCCATCATCTGTT-TCT3′;p21引物:5′CGGAATAAACGGTGTCGTCT3′,5′CGCAAACAGACCAACATCAC3′;β肌動蛋白引物:5′CCCAGACATCAGGGAGTGAT3′,5′TCTCTGTTGGCTTTGGGATT3′;上述引物均由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成。TP600型PCR擴(kuò)增儀,日本TaKaRa公司;Nikon體視顯微鏡,吉林華業(yè)有限公司。

1.2 p53基因敲除斑馬魚的制備和鑒定

取正常受精的斑馬魚卵,在其單細(xì)胞發(fā)育期注射p53-MO,敲除p53基因,8 h后提取正常和注射p53-MO斑馬魚幼胚的基因組DNA,用p53野生型引物和敲除型引物擴(kuò)增檢測p53基因敲除的效果。PCR反應(yīng)條件為 94℃預(yù)熱 5 min,隨后 94℃1 min,55℃1 min,72℃1 min,共25個循環(huán),擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物用1.0%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳進(jìn)行鑒定。

1.3 野生型和p53基因敲除斑馬魚的藥物處理

取孵育8 h發(fā)育正常的野生型斑馬魚和p53基因敲除斑馬魚幼胚置于24微孔板中,每孔15個幼胚,分別設(shè)正常對照、靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1組,每組設(shè)3復(fù)孔。每天更換1次培養(yǎng)液,連續(xù)培養(yǎng)3 d,觀察斑馬魚存活率和畸形率,并收集發(fā)育正常的斑馬魚進(jìn)行SA-β-gal染色及基因表達(dá)分析。

1.4 斑馬魚存活率和畸形率的測定

靈芝多糖與斑馬魚幼胚培養(yǎng)期間,每天計數(shù)存活和畸形的斑馬魚,計算培養(yǎng)3 d后斑馬魚的存活率和畸形率(以斑馬魚生長形態(tài)彎曲判斷為畸形發(fā)育)。斑馬魚存活率(%)=(存活斑馬魚數(shù)/處理斑馬魚總數(shù))×100%;斑馬魚畸形率(%)=(發(fā)育畸形斑馬魚數(shù)/處理斑馬魚總數(shù))×100%。

1.5 斑馬魚SA-β-gal染色[8]

取連續(xù)處理3 d發(fā)育正常的斑馬魚,用PBS洗3~5次,4%多聚甲醛4℃固定1~3 d;PBS洗3~4次,PBS保存1~3 d后,PBS洗1次,加入染色液37℃染色16~24 h,鏡下觀察染色情況,Image圖像處理軟件計算染色陽性率。

1.6 逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR測定斑馬魚衰老相關(guān)基因表達(dá)

靈芝多糖處理斑馬魚3 d,用Trizol法提取斑馬魚總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR法檢測抑癌基因p53,p21,mdm2和TERT表達(dá)。PCR反應(yīng)條件同1.2。PCR反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,拍片,用凝膠分析圖像處理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行結(jié)果分析。以待測基因條帶與β肌動蛋白條帶積分吸光度比值表示待測基因相對表達(dá)水平。

1.7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

2 結(jié)果

2.1 p53基因敲除斑馬魚的鑒定

分別用野生型和基因敲除型p53引物對野生型斑馬魚和p53基因敲除型斑馬魚幼胚細(xì)胞DNA進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。由圖1可見,用野生型p53引物擴(kuò)增,野生型斑馬魚幼胚細(xì)胞p53基因可正常擴(kuò)增,基因敲除型斑馬魚幼胚細(xì)胞p53基因擴(kuò)增明顯減少;用基因敲除型p53引物擴(kuò)增,野生型斑馬魚幼胚細(xì)胞p53基因擴(kuò)增明顯減少,基因敲除型斑馬魚幼胚細(xì)胞p53基因擴(kuò)增明顯增加。由此表明,注射p53-MO可以有效地沉默p53基因的表達(dá),可以用于實驗研究。

Fig.1 ldentification of zebrafish with p53 gene knockout by PCR analysis.p53-Knockout zebrafish model was established by injecting morpholino phosphorodiamidate into normal zebrafish eggs in the single cell development stage,and genome DNA was extracted 8 h post fertilization both in wild type and p53-knockout zebrafish embryos.Lanes 1-4:wild type zebrafish;lanes 5-8:zebrafish with p53 gene knockout.

2.2 靈芝多糖對野生型和p53基因敲除斑馬魚存活和生長畸形的影響

由表1結(jié)果表明,靈芝多糖1和2 g·L-1對野生型斑馬魚發(fā)育和存活無明顯影響,3.0 g·L-1大部分野生型斑馬魚胚胎死亡,存活率明顯降低,(P<0.01)而且斑馬魚發(fā)育延緩,表現(xiàn)出多種畸形狀態(tài)(圖2),畸形率明顯升高(P<0.01)。靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1對p53基因敲除斑馬魚存活和發(fā)育無明顯影響(表1,圖3)。

Tab.1 Effect of ganoderma polysaccharide(GLP)on survival rate and deformty rate of wild type and p53-knockout zebrafish

Fig.2 Different types of malformation of wild type zebrafish embryos treated with GLP 3 g·L-1for 3 d(×2). A:normal control;B-E:different types of deformed zebrafish.

Fig.3 Effect of GLP treatment for 3 d on development of p53-knockout zebrafish embryos(×2).A:normal control;B:p53-knockout zebrafish embryos control;C,D and E: p53-knockout zebrafish embryos treated with GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1,respectively.

2.3 靈芝多糖對野生型和p53基因敲除斑馬魚衰老的影響

野生型斑馬魚SA-β-gal染色結(jié)果(圖4)表明,靈芝多糖2 g·L-1組胚胎細(xì)胞SA-β-gal染色陽性率與對照相比明顯降低(P<0.05),靈芝多糖1和3 g·L-1對野生型斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞SA-β-gal染色陽性率無明顯影響。p53基因敲除斑馬魚SA-β-gal染色結(jié)果顯示(圖5),靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1對胚胎細(xì)胞SA-β-gal陽性率無明顯影響。由此提示,靈芝多糖對衰老的改善作用可能是通過p53信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑實現(xiàn)的。

Fig.4 Effect of GLP on senescence associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-gal)staining of wild type zebrafish embryos.See Tab.1 for the treatment.A:images detected by a microscope(×2);B:the quantitative result of A.A1:control group;A2,A3 and A4:GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1,respectively.,n=3.?P<0.05,compared with control(0)group.

Fig.5 Effect of GLP on SA-β-gal staining of p53-knockout zebrafish embryos.See Tab.1 for the treatment. A:images detected by a microscope(×2).B was the quantitative result of A.1:wild type control group;2:p53-knockout control group;3,4 and 5:p53-knockout zebrafish embryos treated with GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1,respectively.,n=3.

2.4 靈芝多糖對野生型和p53基因敲除斑馬魚衰老相關(guān)基因表達(dá)的影響

由圖6結(jié)果表明,與對照組比較,GLP 2 g·L-1可以顯著降低野生型斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞p53和p21基因表達(dá)(P<0.01,P<0.05),TERT和mdm2基因表達(dá)無明顯變化。靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1對p53基因敲除斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞上述基因的表達(dá)無明顯影響(圖7)。進(jìn)一步提示靈芝多糖的抗衰老作用部分是通過p53信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑實現(xiàn)的。

Fig.6 Effect of GLP on expression of p53,p21,murine double minute 2(mdm2)and telomerase reverse transcriptase(TERT)genes in wild type zebrafish embryos.See Tab.1 for the treatment.A:images detected by a microscope;B:the semi-quantitative result of A.IA: integrated absorbance.Lane 1:control group;lane 2,3 and 4: GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1,respectively.,n=3.?P<0.05,??P<0.01,compared with control group.

Fig.7 Effect of GLP on expression of p53,p21,mdm2 and TERT genes in p53-knockout zebrafish embryos.See Tab.1 for the treatment.A:images detected by a microscope.B:the semi-quantative result of A.1:wild type control group;2:p53-knockout control group;3,4 and 5:p53-knockout zebrafish embryos treated with GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1,respectively.,n=3.

3 討論

高等生物基本都是由單細(xì)胞(受精卵)發(fā)育而來,很多學(xué)者認(rèn)為生命在胚胎期對外源化學(xué)物質(zhì)最為敏感[9],所以對其研究具有很好的監(jiān)測意義。由于斑馬魚體外受精,體外發(fā)育且胚體透明,可在顯微鏡下直接觀察其生長發(fā)育情況。p53基因除了作為腫瘤抑制基因外,還有多種重要的功能,包括細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞衰老等等。所以本研究選取對照和不同濃度靈芝多糖處理的野生型及p53基因敲除型斑馬魚胚胎進(jìn)行可見光下拍照,可以更直觀地看到不同處理對斑馬魚生長發(fā)育的影響。本研究結(jié)果表明,對于野生型斑馬魚,靈芝多糖1和2 g·L-1對斑馬魚胚胎存活和畸形無影響,靈芝多糖3 g·L-1時野生型斑馬魚死亡率明顯升高,同時導(dǎo)致斑馬魚發(fā)育異常,主要表現(xiàn)為頭部發(fā)育異常及軀體彎曲。靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1對p53基因敲除斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞的存活和畸形無明顯影響。這可能是p53基因敲除后,導(dǎo)致由p53基因介導(dǎo)的代謝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)生變化,從而使細(xì)胞喪失了面對應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下的調(diào)控所致。

SA-β-gal陽性率能較好地反映細(xì)胞群體或個體組織的老化速度,是反映衰老程度的重要生物學(xué)指標(biāo),被廣泛應(yīng)用[10-11]。本研究結(jié)果表明,靈芝多糖2 g·L-1組野生型斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞SA-β-gal染色陽性率與對照相比明顯降低,靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1對p53基因敲除斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞SA-β-gal陽性染色率則無明顯影響。由此提示,靈芝多糖可以延緩野生型斑馬魚衰胚胎細(xì)胞衰老進(jìn)程,靈芝多糖對衰老的干預(yù)作用可能是通過p53信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑實現(xiàn)的。

斑馬魚p53基因由11個外顯子和10個內(nèi)含子組成,外顯子1和外顯子11部分序列不參與編碼蛋白質(zhì)。在受到DNA損傷、缺氧和輻射等應(yīng)激信號時,p53會發(fā)揮其轉(zhuǎn)錄激活功能,調(diào)控一系列靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá),進(jìn)而引起DNA損傷修復(fù)、細(xì)胞周期阻滯和細(xì)胞凋亡等應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[12-13]。所以其主要的生物學(xué)作用是調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,維持基因組和細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定,抑制腫瘤生長。p21在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上由p53活化,主要介導(dǎo)端粒依賴和各種應(yīng)急條件如DNA損傷等引起的衰老[14-16],mdm2是目前己知的細(xì)胞內(nèi)最重要p53負(fù)性調(diào)控因子,mdm2含有一個p53基因結(jié)合位點,與p53結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,抑制p53的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。mdm2表達(dá)過強(qiáng)則可封閉p53介導(dǎo)的反式激活作用,使p53功能喪失,導(dǎo)致基因的不穩(wěn)定和細(xì)胞增生。DNA損傷時,導(dǎo)致mdm2失活和p53水平升高[17]。本研究結(jié)果表明,靈芝多糖2 g·L-1處理后,野生型斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞p53和p21基因(p53直接靶點)表達(dá)明顯降低。靈芝多糖1,2和3 g·L-1對p53基因敲除斑馬魚胚胎細(xì)胞上述基因的表達(dá)無明顯影響,這些結(jié)果進(jìn)一步表明,靈芝多糖抗衰老的部分作用機(jī)制可能是通過p53信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑實現(xiàn)的。

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Effect of ganoderma polysaccharide on survival,development and senescence of zebrafish

XIA Guang-qing1,YAO Hui-min2,DONG Li-hong3,LIU Wei1
(1.School of Life Sciences,2.College of Pharmaceutical and Food Science,3.School of Chemistry,Tonghua Normal University,Tonghua134002,China)

OBJECTlVE To study the effect of ganoderma polysaccharide(GLP)on zebrafish (Danio rerio)survival,development and senescence.METHODS A p53-knockout zebrafish model was established by injecting of morpholino phosphorodiamidate(MO)into normal zebrafish eggs in the single cell development stage.Different concentrations of GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1were used to treat both wild type and p53-knockout zebrafish embryos 8 h post fertilization(8 hpf)under 28℃ for 3 d.The survival and malformation rates were calculated after 72 hpf,and the effect of GLP on cell senescence was evaluated by senescence associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-gal)staining both in wild type and p53-knockout zebrafish embryos.In addition,the differential gene expression of cancer inhibitor gene(p53),telomerase reverse transcriptase(TERT),murine double minute2(mdm2)and p21 was examined by RT-PCR both in wild type and p53-knockout zebrafish embryos after treatment with different concentrations of GLP.RESULTS GLP 1 and 2 g·L-1had no effect on development of wild type zebrafish embryos,but after GLP 3 g·L-1treatment,most of zebrafish embryos displayed malformation and the survival rate was only 48.6%.GLP 1,2 and 3 g·L-1had no effect on survival and development of p53-knockout zebrafish embryos.After GLP 2 g·L-1treatment for 3 d,the SA-β-gal staining positive rate of wild type zebrafish embryos was reduced compared with control group(P<0.01),while there was no significant change in p53-knockout zebrafish embryos.The results of RT-PCR showed that GLP 2 g·L-1treatment depressed p21 and p53 gene expression(P<0.05,P<0.01),and had no effect on mdm2 and TERT gene expression of wild type zebrafish embryos.For p53-knockout zebrafish embryos,the TERT,mdm2,p21 and p53 gene expression displayed no significant difference after GLP 2 g·L-1treatment.CONCLUSlON GLP 2 g·L-1may improve senescence of wild type zebrafish embryo cells.GLP≥3 g·L-1may lead to death and abnormal development of wild type zebrafish embryos.The improvement of GLP on senescence of wild type zebrafish embryo cells might be mediated by its down-regulation of p21 and p53 gene expression.

ganoderma polysaccharide;zebrafish;senescence

LIU Wei,E-mail:lwtong@163.com,Tel:13614351127

R285.5,R977.9

A

1000-3002(2014)04-0491-06

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2014.04.003

Foundation item:The project supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(201215227)

2013-12-21 接受日期:2014-06-26)

(本文編輯:齊春會)

吉林省自然科學(xué)基金(201215227)

夏廣清 (1972-),女,博士,教授,主要從事中藥藥理學(xué)研究。E-mail:qingguangx@163.com,Tel: 13843517281

劉 偉,E-mail:lwtong@163.com,Tel: 13614351127

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