楊定生

“另類”1：懸垂分詞

不少老師在講到非謂語動詞作狀語時，都特別強調一定要注意非謂語動詞與該句主語之間的邏輯關系。如現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與該句子中的主語一致，不然，這種分詞短語的邏輯主語與該句主語不一致的句子，常被稱為“懸垂分詞“，這樣的句子通常視為錯句。

如：Walking along the street， I ran across my old friend.（是I在街上走的時候，遇到了一個老朋友。）

He lay on the grass， looking into the sky. （看著天空的是躺在草地上的He ）

Not receiving any letter from him， I gave him a call. （是I 沒有收到他的來信，給他打了電話）

可是，在牛津高中英語第五模塊第一單元中卻有這樣的句子偏偏反其道而行之：

Speaking of friends， Ive met some nice people here in London and I think we might become close friends. （?？煳澹琾.9）

（談到朋友，我在倫敦這兒遇到了一些很好的人，我想我們會成為摯友的。）

該句中的speaking of... （談到……），實為說話人的立場、態(tài)度和觀點。這種現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語與其所在句子中的主語是可以不一致的，它僅用來表示說話人的語氣、或態(tài)度、或看問題的角度，或對所敘述的情況進行解釋，它們的邏輯主語，實際是說話的人，而不再是句子的主語了。它們?？闯删渥拥囊粋€獨立成分。

常見的這種可與其邏輯主語不一致的分詞短語有：

generally speaking （一般說來）； judging from / by...（根據(jù)……來判斷）； talking of / speaking of...（說起……）；considering...（考慮到……）；taking... into consideration（把……考慮）等

如：Generally speaking， the more expensive， the better its quality. 一般說來， 照相機越貴，質量越好。（2005全國高考卷）

Strictly speaking， nobody is allowed in here. 嚴格地講，誰也不允許在這兒。

Judging from his accent， he must be from the South. 從他的口音判斷，他一定是南方人。

“另類”21：With復合結構

先看下面一組高考試題：

1. With no one to in such a frightening situation，she felt very helpless. （2006陜西卷）

A. turn toB. turn on

C. turn offD. turn over（答案：A）

2. John received an invitation to dinner， and with his work ， he gladly accepted it. （2007 安徽）

A. finishedB. finishing

C. having finishedD. was finished （答案：A）

3. —Come on， please give me some ideas about the project.

—Sorry. With so much work my mind， I almost break down. （2007 福建卷）

A. filledB. filling

C. to fillD. being filled（答案：B）

4. Now that weve discussed our problem， are people happy with the decisions ？ （2009全國I卷）

A. takingB. take

C. takenD. to take（答案：C）

5. （根據(jù)中文意義，用所給動詞的適當形式填空）

由于越來越多的森林被砍伐，一些動物正面臨著滅絕的危險。

With ， some animals are facing the danger of dying out. （cut）（2012湖北）

（答案： more and more forests / trees （being） cut down）

以上的一組高考試題，考查的都是“With + 名詞 / 代詞+補足語”結構，該結構通常稱之為“With復合結構”。這種with復合結構在英語中運用廣泛，在課本中也屢見不鮮，也是高考中常見的考點之一。

現(xiàn)將其用法及特點作一簡介：

1. “with +名詞 / 代詞 + doing”其特點：“名詞 / 代詞”為doing動作的執(zhí)行者（即主謂關系），且為正在進行的動作。

如：Mary felt shy with the whole class looking at her. 在全班同學的注視下，瑪麗感到不好意思。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他燈亮著就睡著了。

2. “with + 名詞 / 代詞+ done”其特點：“名詞 / 代詞”為done動作的承受者（即動賓關系），表示被動或完成了的動作。

如：With the problem settled， we all felt very happy. 問題解決了，我們都非常高興。

With all the things she needed bought， she went home happily. 需要的東西都買好了，她高高興興回家了。

3. “with +名詞 / 代詞 + to do”，其特點：“名詞 / 代詞”或為to do動作的執(zhí)行者或為承受者，但表示將要發(fā)生的動作。

With so much work to do， I have no time for a holiday 有這么多事要做，我沒有時間度假。

With so many people to help us， we are sure to finish it in time.有這么多人幫忙，我們一定能按時完成。

4. with +名詞 / 代詞+形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語，其特點：“名詞 / 代詞”與形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語為系表結構，形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語用來說明“名詞 / 代詞”的特征、性質、狀態(tài)、位置等。

如： They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. 他們睜大眼睛聽老師講課。

With her mother away from home， she felt lonely. 母親不在家，她感到孤獨。

He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand. 他拿著拐杖走在黑暗的大街上。

With復合結構 用作狀語，可表示條件、原因、時間、伴隨、方式等情況；可以和相應的狀語從句轉換。

（1）表示條件，相當于一個條件狀語從句。

如： With you to help us， we will be able to finish the work in time.

=If you help us， we will be able to finish the work in time.

有你幫助我們，我們就能及時完成這項工作。

（2）表示原因，相當于一個原因狀語從句。

如：With two exams to take， I have to work really hard this weekend.

=As there are two exams to worry about， I have to work really hard this weekend.

因為有兩場考試要參加，這個周末我真的要努力了。

（3）表示時間，相當于一個時間狀語從句。

如：With the work done， we went shopping.

=After the work was done， we went shopping. 工作做完后，我們就去購物了。

（4）表示伴隨，相當于一個并列句。

如：The boy sat at the corner， with tears welling up in his eyes.

=The boy sat at the corner， and tears were welling up in his eyes. 小男孩坐在角落里， 眼中含滿淚水。

（5）表示方式， 相當于一個并列句。

如：He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他頭枕著胳膊睡著了。

=He was asleep and his head was on his arms.

With復合結構 也可用作定語，相當于一個定語從句，修飾前面的名詞。

如：I like stamps with a bird design on them.

=I like stamps on which there is a bird design. 我喜歡有鳥類圖案的郵票。

Anyone with its eyes in his head can see its exactly like a rope.

=Anyone who has eyes in his head can see its exactly like a rope.

任何一個頭上長著眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一條繩子。

“另類”22：獨立主格結構

獨立主格結構，是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語或動詞不定式或形容詞、副詞或介詞短語構成的一種獨立結構，用于修飾整個句子，獨立主格結構中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞或分詞短語等構成邏輯上的主謂關系。（我們也可以把獨立主格結構看成是把With復合結構中的with去掉的結構，其用法與With復合結構用法基本相同；）

名詞/代詞+doing，如：Weather permitting， we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。

名詞/代詞+done，如：He was listening attentively in class， his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。

名詞/代詞+to do，如：The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急， 有這么多的事情要處理。

名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語

如：He came into the room， his ears red with cold. 他進了房間，耳朵凍紅了。

The meeting over， our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散會了，校長很快就離開了會議室。

He came out of the library， a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚厚的書，走出了圖書館。

值得提醒的是，當介詞是in / on時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復數(shù)。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制。

如：A robber burst into the room， knife in hand.= A robber burst into the room， with a knife in his hand.

獨立主格結構在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。

如： 1. My shoes removed， I entered a lowceilinged room. （作時間狀語 ）我脫掉鞋子后，走進一間屋頂很低的房間。

2. The party will be held in the garden， weather . （2012海南卷）

A. permittingB. to permit

C. permittedD. permit （答案：A作條件狀語）

如果天氣允許的話，聚會將在花園里舉行。

3. The boy leading the way， we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （作原因狀語）由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那個奇怪的洞。

鞏固練習

1. You have no idea how she finished the relay race her foot wounded so much.

A. forB. when

C. withD. while

2. what you said， he could have completed the work ahead of time.

A. Judged byB. Judged from

C. Judging fromD. To judge from

3. ， we all went swimming in high spirits.

A. It being fine weather

B. It fine weather

C. It was fine weather

D. It being a fine weather

4. and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease，the patient sought her doctors help to end her life. （2000江西卷）

A. Having given up hope of cure

B. With no hope for cure

C. There being hope for cure

D. In the hope of cure

5. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise . （2005北京卷）

A. going onB. goes on

C. went onD. to go on

6. production up by 60%， the company has had another excellent year. （2000全國卷）

A. AsB. For

C. WithD. Through

7. two exams to worry about， I have to work really hard this weekend. （ 2004北京卷）

A. BesidesB. With

C. As forD. Because of

8. Tired， Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.

A. onB. in

C. againstD. for

9. The lecture ， he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.

A. beganB. beginning

C. having begunD. being beginning

10. ， the hunter went into the forest.

A. A gun on shoulder

B. A gun was on his shoulder

C. Gun on shoulder

D. A gun being on shoulder

11. So far all cloned animals have suffered from some different serious disorders， dying soon after birth.

A. many of whichB. many of whom

C. many of thatD. many of them

12. ， his composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.

A. Generally speakB. Generally to speak

C. Generally spokenD. Generally speaking

13. the car accident， there is in todays paper an accurate account of it happened last night.

A. Talking of； whichB. Talking of； how

C. Talked of； whenD. Talked of； what

14. With a lot of difficult problems ， the newlyelected president is having a hard time. （2002上海卷）

A. settledB. settling

C. to settleD. being settled

15. Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth and his eyes .

A. closed； openB. closed； opened

C. closing； openD. closing； opening

參考答案

1—5 CCABA6—10 CBCCC11—15 DDBCA