黃始琪, 董樹文*, 張福勤, 苗來成, 朱明帥

1)中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院, 北京 100037; 2)中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所, 北京 100029

蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶中段構(gòu)造變形及動力學(xué)特征

黃始琪1), 董樹文1)*, 張福勤2), 苗來成2), 朱明帥2)

1)中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院, 北京 100037; 2)中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所, 北京 100029

蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶作為中亞造山帶的重要組成部分, 其構(gòu)造變形和動力學(xué)特征一直是地質(zhì)界關(guān)注的問題。沿著該構(gòu)造帶中段, 對5個韌性變形點及1個脆性變形點進行詳細(xì)解析, 揭示了該構(gòu)造帶變形及動力學(xué)特征。B型褶皺、揉皺、A型褶皺、礦物拉伸線理、S-C組構(gòu)都顯示了該構(gòu)造帶明顯的NW—SE剪切作用。剪切方向穩(wěn)定而單一, 未發(fā)現(xiàn)多方向變形疊加現(xiàn)象, 可能指示了蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶的形成過程為一期主要的俯沖碰撞或多期同向的俯沖碰撞。對蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶形成時間和動力學(xué)背景進行了討論, 認(rèn)為該構(gòu)造帶主要形成于中晚侏羅世—早白堊世東亞多向匯聚動力學(xué)背景之下。對構(gòu)造帶內(nèi)地質(zhì)點mg6脆性斷層面上滑動矢量進行了統(tǒng)計和古應(yīng)力場反演, 得出兩期古構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場, 一期為NW—SE擠壓, 一期為近E—W擠壓。NW—SE擠壓應(yīng)力場可能對應(yīng)了中晚侏羅世—白堊紀(jì)古太平洋板塊向西俯沖對中亞地區(qū)的遠(yuǎn)程影響; 而近 E—W 向擠壓可能反映了早新生代印度—歐亞板塊碰撞對中亞地區(qū)的遠(yuǎn)程效應(yīng)。

蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶; 韌性變形; 脆性變形; 古應(yīng)力場; 東亞多向匯聚; 蒙古

Key words:Mongolia-Okhotsk collisional belt; ductile deformation; brittle deformation; stress field; East Asian multi-direction convergence; Mongolian

中亞造山帶位于西伯利亞板塊與塔里木和華北板塊之間, 主要由華北板塊和西伯利亞板塊的俯沖增生所形成, 是世界上最大的增生型造山帶(Seng?r et al., 1993; Wickham et al., 1996; Jahn et al., 2000a, b; Kovalenko et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2008, 2009a, b)。蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶是中亞造山帶的重要組成部分(圖 1), 在東亞大陸形成演化的歷史上占有極為重要的地位(李錦軼等, 2009)。根據(jù)巖石建造, 趙越等(1994)認(rèn)為該構(gòu)造帶是華北板塊和西伯利亞板塊之間的最后縫合帶。蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶主要分布在東經(jīng)96°—130°, 北緯46°—58°之間的俄羅斯和蒙古境內(nèi), 西起蒙古中部的杭蓋山脈, 東至鄂霍茨克海的烏達海灣, 總體呈北東—南西走向, 長約3000 km, 寬約300 km, 北部為西伯利亞板塊及其增生邊緣, 南部為中朝—蒙古板塊及其以北的造山帶與地塊鑲嵌構(gòu)造區(qū), 東部為太平洋板塊。蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋俯沖時間一直存在爭議, Seng?r等(1993)認(rèn)為在埃迪卡拉紀(jì)—晚二疊世; Parfenov等(2003)認(rèn)為在泥盆紀(jì)—早三疊世; Gordienko等(2010)和Bussien等(2011)認(rèn)為在泥盆紀(jì)—二疊紀(jì); Metelkin等(2010)認(rèn)為在晚石炭世—晚侏羅世; Zhao等(1990)、Enkin等(1992)、Kuzmin等(1996)以及 Zorin(1999)認(rèn)為在早二疊世—中侏羅世; Zonenshain等(1990)認(rèn)為在三疊紀(jì)—晚侏羅世。蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋的最終俯沖關(guān)閉時間也存在爭議, Zonenshain等(1990)認(rèn)為西側(cè)關(guān)閉時間為三疊紀(jì)—晚侏羅世; Zorin(1999)和Parfenov等(1999)認(rèn)為發(fā)生在中晚侏羅世。許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為東段的封閉時間更晚, 應(yīng)該在晚侏羅世—早白堊世(Sengor et al., 1996; Yakubchuk et al., 1999; Kravchinsky et al., 2002a; Cogné et al., 2005; 李錦軼, 1998, 2013)。盡管蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造的開啟和最終閉合時間存在爭議, 而蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋兩側(cè)板塊的碰撞是一個自西向東的順時間旋轉(zhuǎn)碰撞得到地質(zhì)學(xué)者的普遍認(rèn)同(Zorin, 1999)。這種碰撞過程有的學(xué)者認(rèn)為主要是晚元古代—石炭紀(jì)的一次單階段俯沖碰撞(Seng?r et al., 1993, 1996); 有的學(xué)者則認(rèn)為是多階段俯沖碰撞(Badarch et al., 2002; Filippova et al., 2001; Kr?ner et al., 2005, 2007; Windley et al., 2007; Zorin et al., 2007)。Donskaya等(2013)認(rèn)為石炭紀(jì)蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋殼高角度俯沖, 導(dǎo)致褶皺變形, 雙重推覆構(gòu)造,及最后地殼加厚。正常角度的俯沖發(fā)生在晚二疊世到晚三疊世, 導(dǎo)致大量侵入巖和火山巖的產(chǎn)出。碰撞過程的不同, 對應(yīng)的巖石變形和反映的動力學(xué)特征也不同, 通過對露頭尺度巖石的變形解析有助于揭開真實的地質(zhì)演化過程。而碰撞之后該構(gòu)造帶是否受后期其它區(qū)域應(yīng)力作用影響, 可以通過脆性斷層的古應(yīng)力場反演來加以解析。本文基于野外巖石脆韌性變形數(shù)據(jù)的收集和分析, 對蒙古—鄂霍次克構(gòu)造帶中段巖石變形及其對應(yīng)的動力學(xué)特征做了基本分析, 以揭示蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶碰撞變形及動力學(xué)過程。

圖1 蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶及其鄰區(qū)構(gòu)造簡圖(據(jù)Donskaya et al., 2013修改)Fig. 1 Simplified tectonic map of the Mongolia–Okhotsk collisional belt and its adjacent areas (modified after Donskaya et al., 2013)

蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶中段主要由杭蓋—肯特區(qū)、奧倫島弧區(qū)和南部的阿穆爾區(qū)組成(圖1)。杭蓋—肯特區(qū)主要為古生代濁積巖盆地, 而其具體時代及屬性存在一定爭議。Minjin等(2006)認(rèn)為盆地內(nèi)烏蘭巴托附近存在中—晚泥盆世混雜巖; 而有的學(xué)者認(rèn)為盆地內(nèi)泥盆紀(jì)增生雜巖與早古生代增生雜巖伴生, 石炭紀(jì)濁積巖不整合于下伏增生雜巖之上(Dorjsurend et al., 2006); Tomas等(2008)對杭蓋—肯特盆地古生代地層的碎屑鋯石研究, 證明該濁積巖盆地形成于 345 Ma后的早石炭世晚期, 碎屑鋯石還揭示了濁積盆地與下伏前早石炭世地質(zhì)體間的廣泛不整合。奧倫島弧區(qū)超過 1000 m厚的泥盆系—石炭系鈉質(zhì)玄武巖、碧玉、超鎂鐵質(zhì)巖覆于前寒武紀(jì)的結(jié)晶基底上, 石炭系之上是二疊紀(jì)到三疊紀(jì)的陸源磨拉石建造(莫申國等, 2005)。本文研究區(qū)域主要在蒙古境內(nèi)阿穆爾板塊。阿穆爾板塊是前蘇聯(lián)學(xué)者Zonenshain和Savostin于1981年首次提出的, 主要用于解釋從貝加爾裂谷以東沿斯坦諾夫山地的地震活動條帶(Zonenshain et al., 1981)。阿穆爾板塊的西部邊界為貝加爾裂谷, 向北經(jīng)過斯坦諾夫山地,然后向東, 沿日本島以西一系列的正斷層南下, 在日本本州中部與南海地槽相連, 而后向西經(jīng)朝鮮半島南端由渤海進入中國, 經(jīng)山西地塹北部、鄂爾多斯北端向西北與貝加爾裂谷相接, 形成一個覆蓋中國東北及華北部分地區(qū)、朝鮮半島、日本西南部、俄羅斯東南部及蒙古西部的巨大構(gòu)造單元(許厚澤等, 2004)。阿穆爾地區(qū)主要為元古代基底及石炭紀(jì)至二疊紀(jì)的火成巖帶(Denise et al., 2011)。據(jù)Ren等(2013)和任紀(jì)舜等(2013)亞洲地質(zhì)編圖結(jié)果顯示,沿著蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶廣泛發(fā)育巖漿巖, 西段及中段主要為石炭紀(jì)—二疊紀(jì)花崗巖和花崗閃長巖, 往東巖漿巖年齡逐漸變新, 出現(xiàn)侏羅紀(jì)花崗巖和花崗閃長巖。

1 韌性變形及動力學(xué)特征

由南西往北東, 沿著蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶中段, 分析了 5個重要韌性變形點的形態(tài)學(xué)和動力學(xué)特征。顯示明顯的NW—SE剪切作用。mg7位于東經(jīng) 110°12′12″, 北緯 47°23′43″, 蒙古木倫市西南,巖性為泥盆紀(jì)(Bussien et al., 2011)灰黑色變泥質(zhì)巖,綠片巖相, 原巖可能為凝灰質(zhì)砂巖。發(fā)生明顯的斷滑式褶皺, 反映NW—SE剪切作用(圖2)。mg8與mg7相鄰, 位于東經(jīng) 110°13′47″, 北緯 47°23′39″。該處泥盆紀(jì)變泥巖內(nèi)侵入角閃輝長巖脈, 巖脈產(chǎn)狀為345°/80°, 寬約3 m。巖脈內(nèi)長石發(fā)生強的韌性變形, 形成揉皺和 A型褶皺, 指示 NW—SE剪切(圖3)。該點亦見蛇紋巖, 巖石片理化明顯, 且片理發(fā)生褶皺變形, 指示NW—SE剪切作用(圖4)。mg11位于東經(jīng)111°45′41″, 北緯48°47′11″, 蒙古烏蘭河?xùn)|。巖性為泥盆紀(jì)(Bussien et al., 2011)云母石英片巖,巖內(nèi)石英脈發(fā)生揉皺, 石香腸構(gòu)造, 及 A 型褶皺,指示NW—SE剪切作用(圖5, 6, 7)。mg14位于東經(jīng)112°53′19″, 北緯 49°22′20″, 巴彥烏拉北, 蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶北部, 該處為二疊紀(jì)(Bussien et al., 2011)云母石英片巖, 片理化明顯, 暗色礦物形成拉伸線理, 片理總體產(chǎn)狀為: 325°/19°, 線理總體產(chǎn)狀為: 325°/20°。S-C組構(gòu)反映NW—SE剪切作用(表1, 圖7)。mg16位于mg14北側(cè), 東經(jīng)112°52°11″, 北緯 49°25′33″, 蒙古與俄羅斯交界處, 緊鄰蒙古—鄂霍茨克縫合帶。巖性為二疊紀(jì)(Bussien et al., 2011)黑云斜長角閃片巖, 糜棱巖化。面理總體產(chǎn)狀為: 331°/24°, 線理產(chǎn)狀為: 321°/18°。S-C組構(gòu), 反映NW—SE剪切作用(表2, 圖8)。

圖2 點mg7 B型斷滑褶皺(位置見圖1)Fig. 2 B-fold of schist at Site mg7(see Fig. 1 for the location)

圖3 點mg8輝長巖脈內(nèi)長石脈發(fā)生柔皺(位置見圖1)Fig. 3 Crumple structure of feldspar veins in the gabbro dike at Site mg8 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

2 脆性變形及動力學(xué)特征

巖石韌性變形后, 抬升至較淺地表, 受區(qū)域應(yīng)力作用, 易發(fā)生脆性變形而改造原有韌性變形(孟憲剛等, 2001)。通過統(tǒng)計分析脆性斷層面上滑動矢量的運動特征, 反演古構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場。本文使用斯諾維尼亞?alohar等(2007)開發(fā)的應(yīng)力場反演軟件, 基本原理為安德森模式和庫倫摩爾破裂準(zhǔn)則。

圖4 點mg8蛇紋巖發(fā)生柔皺(位置見圖1)Fig. 4 Crumple structure in serpentinite at Site mg8 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

圖5 點mg11片巖內(nèi)A型褶皺(位置見圖1)Fig. 5 A style fold in schist at Site mg11(see Fig. 1 for the location)

圖6 點mg11片巖內(nèi)長英質(zhì)脈發(fā)生柔皺(位置見圖1)Fig. 6 Crumple structure of felsic veins in schist at Site mg11 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

圖7 點mg11片巖內(nèi)過渡型A型褶皺(位置見圖1)Fig. 7 Transitional A-fold of schist at Site mg11 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

表1 點mg14面理及線理統(tǒng)計結(jié)果Table 1 Statistics of foliations and lineations at Site mg14

圖8 點mg14韌性變形(位置見圖1)Fig. 8 Ductile deformation at Site mg14 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

圖9 點mg16韌性變形(位置見圖1)Fig. 9 Ductile deformation at Site mg16 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

mg6位于東經(jīng) 110°07′26″, 北緯 47°23′25″, 蒙古木倫市西南, 蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶中段南部,該處泥盆紀(jì)地層內(nèi)傾入后期輝長巖, 并發(fā)生糜棱巖化, 后期脆性斷層切割輝長糜棱巖。對斷層面上滑動矢量統(tǒng)計分析以及古應(yīng)力場反演, 得出一期 NW—SE擠壓古應(yīng)力場和一期近E—W擠壓古應(yīng)力場。NW—SE應(yīng)力場最大主應(yīng)力軸產(chǎn)狀為309°/2°, 中間主應(yīng)力軸和最小主應(yīng)力軸產(chǎn)狀分別為 40°/24°和215°/66°(表3, 圖10)。NE—SW向擠壓應(yīng)力場最大主應(yīng)力軸產(chǎn)狀為 268°/17°, 中間主應(yīng)力軸和最小主應(yīng)力軸產(chǎn)狀分別為5°/24°和145°/60°(表4, 圖11)。

3 討論與構(gòu)造意義

蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶的形成是經(jīng)歷了一次主要俯沖碰撞還是經(jīng)歷多次俯沖碰撞一直存在爭議(Seng?r et al., 1993, 1996; Badarch et al., 2002; Filippova et al., 2001; Kr?ner et al., 2005, 2007; Windley et al., 2007; Zorin et al., 2007; Donskaya et al., 2013)。如果是經(jīng)歷了多次大規(guī)模方向不同的俯沖碰撞, 則巖石韌性變形可能會體現(xiàn)出多期構(gòu)造作用的疊加現(xiàn)象, 如多期拉伸線理疊加, 多方向 A型褶皺疊加等, 而如果是同方向的多期俯沖碰撞, 原有的韌性變形只是被后期構(gòu)造作用加強, 不易識別多階段的疊加現(xiàn)象。沿著蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶所分析的mg7、mg8、mg11、mg14、mg16五個韌性變形點, 皆顯示一致的NW—SE剪切作用。mg7、mg8所見的B型和A型褶皺未見多方向疊加現(xiàn)象, mg14、mg16面理上并未見多方向線理疊加現(xiàn)象, 因此, 推斷蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶是一次主要俯沖碰撞或多期同方向俯沖碰撞的產(chǎn)物。

表3 點mg6反映NW—SE擠壓應(yīng)力場斷層滑動矢量統(tǒng)計Table 3 Results of fault–slip analysis and stress orientations at Site mg6 defining a compressional regime with NW–SE compression

表4 點mg6反映近E—W擠壓應(yīng)力場斷層滑動矢量統(tǒng)計Table 4 Results of fault-slip analysis and stress orientations at Site mg6 defining a compressional regime with E–W compression

圖10 mg6 NW—SE擠壓應(yīng)力場及應(yīng)力摩爾圓圖析(位置見圖1)Fig. 10 Fault-slip data and computed stress axis of NW–SE compression and its stress Moore circle analysis at Site mg6 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

圖11 mg6近E—W擠壓應(yīng)力場及應(yīng)力摩爾圓圖析(位置見圖1)Fig. 11 Fault-slip data and computed stress axis of E–W compression and its stress Moore circle analysis at Site mg6 (see Fig. 1 for the location)

蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋東段最終閉合時間一直持續(xù)到晚侏羅世—白堊紀(jì), 對應(yīng)了中國的燕山運動,董樹文等(2000, 2007, 2008)和Dong等(2013)認(rèn)為燕山運動不僅僅局限于中國東部地區(qū), 而是一個全球范圍的大構(gòu)造事件, 其影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出中國東部的范圍, 是東亞多板塊的多向匯聚事件。約起始于170 Ma, 多板塊幾乎同時向東亞地區(qū)發(fā)生俯沖或推覆碰撞, 在克拉通和剛性盆地周緣形成環(huán)形造山帶,如四川盆地和鄂爾多斯盆地周邊的造山帶。受此構(gòu)造事件影響, 西伯利亞克拉通周緣也形成大規(guī)模環(huán)形山系。西伯利亞板塊向南運動逆沖到華北—蒙古板塊基底和被動大陸邊緣沉積地層之上, 以及導(dǎo)致蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶北西側(cè)結(jié)晶基底推覆于中侏羅世含煤沉積巖之上(Zorin, 1999), 意味著該構(gòu)造帶形成的主要階段為中晚侏羅世。該逆沖推覆系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶主枝, 據(jù)上地殼地球物理圖像, 蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶杭蓋地區(qū)水平位移量為150 km, 肯特地區(qū)為100 km。奧倫島弧在碰撞前位于西伯利亞板塊和華北蒙古板塊之間, 碰撞時脫離其基底推覆于華北—蒙古板塊之上, 其水平位移量為200 km(Zorin, 1999)。西伯利亞板塊向南運動與華北—蒙古板塊碰撞的同時, 侏羅紀(jì)末期, 北美洲板塊以及科利馬—奧莫隆復(fù)合地塊向西運動與其碰撞形成近南北走向的維爾霍揚斯克沖斷褶皺帶(Vladimir et al., 2003)。維爾霍揚斯克褶皺帶內(nèi)古生代到早中生代幾個深水沉積盆地在晚中生代板塊碰撞作用下發(fā)生強烈的褶皺變形, 也說明維爾霍揚斯克沖斷褶皺帶主要形成于晚中生代(Eugene et al., 1986)。另外, 蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶兩側(cè)大量發(fā)育130 Ma碰撞后的伸展盆地(Yannick et al., 2013), 也意味著晚侏羅世—早白堊世在該區(qū)發(fā)生了強烈的碰撞擠壓事件。

越來越多的事實證明發(fā)生在中晚侏羅世的東亞多向匯聚構(gòu)造事件影響范圍十分廣泛, 造成東亞地區(qū)強烈構(gòu)造變形, 其背后有著深刻的地球動力學(xué)背景與動力來源(董樹文等, 2008)。自侏羅紀(jì)以來,東亞地區(qū)大量巖石圈物質(zhì)俯沖到地幔之中, 是地球上俯沖巖石圈物質(zhì)最大量的地區(qū)(Maruyama et al., 2007)。而華北與揚子陸塊碰撞造山作用, 使得中國東部巖石圈厚度曾經(jīng)達到150~200 km, 可能是東亞匯聚的先兆(董樹文等, 2008)。隨后發(fā)生的東亞和中國東部巨厚巖石圈的垮塌、拆沉和斷離, 導(dǎo)致了超高壓巖石的折返, 軟流圈物質(zhì)側(cè)向補償, 牽引了太平洋板塊向西俯沖, 印度洋板塊向 NE俯沖, 西伯利亞陸塊與華北陸塊碰撞(董樹文等, 2008), 甚至北美洲板塊向西與西伯利亞板塊碰撞(Vladimir et al., 2003), 形成一個多板塊在中晚侏羅世同時向東亞地區(qū)匯聚的格局。

mg6通過脆性斷層反演出一期NW—SE擠壓應(yīng)力場, 很可能對應(yīng)了晚侏羅世到早白堊世古太平洋俯沖對中亞造山帶的遠(yuǎn)程影響。印度—歐亞板塊的碰撞及之后的合并對亞洲新生代以來的地質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、地球動力學(xué), 甚至氣候都產(chǎn)生了巨大影響(Johan et al., 2007; Tapponnier et al., 1982, 2001; Yin, 2006; Yin et al., 2000; 張岳橋等, 2012)。中亞造山帶雖遠(yuǎn)離印度—歐亞板塊, 其晚期的再活動也明顯受到這次強烈構(gòu)造活動的遠(yuǎn)程影響(Molnar et al., 1975, 1977; Tapponnier et al., 1979; Peltzer et al., 1988)。研究區(qū)mg6通過脆性斷層反演的一期近 E—W 擠壓, 很可能反映了印度—歐亞板塊碰撞的遠(yuǎn)程效應(yīng)及原有蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶邊界限制作用的聯(lián)合影響。

4 結(jié)論

蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶作為中亞造山帶的重要組成部分, 其變形和動力學(xué)特征一直是地質(zhì)界關(guān)注的問題, 沿著該構(gòu)造帶中段, 對該構(gòu)造帶進行韌性和脆性變形分析, 主要得出以下結(jié)論:

1)對蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶5個韌性變點進行了形態(tài)學(xué)動力學(xué)解析, 顯示NW—SE剪切作用。剪切方向單一, 未發(fā)現(xiàn)多方向的變形疊加現(xiàn)象, 可能指示了蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶的形成經(jīng)歷了一期強烈的俯沖碰撞或多期同向的俯沖碰撞作用。

2)對蒙古—鄂霍茨克構(gòu)造帶形成時間和動力學(xué)背景進行了討論。該構(gòu)造帶主要形成于中晚侏羅世—早白堊世東亞多向匯聚動力學(xué)背景之下。

3)對mg6脆性斷層滑動矢量進行了統(tǒng)計和古應(yīng)力場反演, 得出兩期古構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場, 一期為 NW—SE擠壓, 一期為近E—W擠壓。NW—SE擠壓應(yīng)力場可能對應(yīng)了晚侏羅世古太平洋板塊對中亞地區(qū)的遠(yuǎn)程影響, 而近E—W向擠壓可能反映了早新生代印度—歐亞板塊碰撞對中亞地區(qū)的遠(yuǎn)程效應(yīng)。

董樹文, 吳錫浩, 吳珍漢, 鄧晉福, 高銳, 王成善. 2000. 論東亞大陸的構(gòu)造翹變[J]. 地質(zhì)論評, 46(1): 8-13.

董樹文, 張岳橋, 陳宣華, 龍長興, 王濤, 楊振宇, 胡健民. 2008.晚侏羅世東亞多向匯聚構(gòu)造體系的形成與變形特征[J]. 地球?qū)W報, 29(3): 306-317.董樹文, 張岳橋, 龍長興, 楊振宇, 季強, 王濤, 胡建民, 陳宣華. 2007. 中國侏羅紀(jì)構(gòu)造變革與燕山運動新詮釋[J]. 地質(zhì)學(xué)報, 81(11): 1449-1461.

李錦軼, 曲軍峰, 張進, 劉建峰, 許文良, 張拴宏, 郭瑞清, 朱志新,李亞萍, 李永飛, 王濤, 徐學(xué)義, 李智佩, 柳永清, 孫立新, 簡平, 張昱, 王勵嘉, 彭樹華, 馮乾文, 王煜, 王洪波, 趙西西. 2013. 中國北方造山區(qū)顯生宙地質(zhì)歷史重建與成礦地質(zhì)背景研究進展[J]. 地質(zhì)通報, 32(2-3): 207-219.

李錦軼, 張進, 楊天南, 李亞萍, 孫桂華, 朱志新, 王勵嘉. 2009．北亞造山區(qū)南部及其毗鄰地區(qū)地殼構(gòu)造分區(qū)與構(gòu)造演化[J]. 吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(地球科學(xué)版), 39(4): 584-605.

李錦軼. 1998. 中國東北及鄰區(qū)若干地質(zhì)構(gòu)造問題的新認(rèn)識[J].地質(zhì)論評, 44(4): 339-347.

莫申國, 韓美蓮, 李錦軼. 2005. 蒙古-鄂霍茨克造山帶的組成及造山過程[J]. 山東科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版), 24(3): 50-52, 64.

任紀(jì)舜, 牛寶貴, 王軍, 和政軍, 金小赤, 謝良珍, 趙磊, 劉仁燕,江小均, 李舢, 楊付嶺. 2013. 1:500萬國際亞洲地質(zhì)圖[J]. 地球?qū)W報, 34(1): 24-30.

許厚澤, 熊熊. 2004. 東北亞大陸地殼運動的GPS研究[J]. 大地測量與地球動力學(xué), 24(4): 1-6.

盂憲剛, 馮向陽, 邵兆剛, 楊美玲, 朱大崗, 王建平. 2001. 雪峰山中段金礦區(qū)主要斷裂帶構(gòu)造特征及其動力學(xué)[J]. 地球?qū)W報, 22(2): 117-122.

張岳橋, 董樹文, 李建華, 崔建軍, 施煒, 蘇金寶, 李勇. 2012.華南中生代大地構(gòu)造研究新進展[J]. 地球?qū)W報, 33(3): 257-279.

趙越, 楊振宇, 馬醒華. 1994. 東亞大地構(gòu)造發(fā)展的重要轉(zhuǎn)折[J].

地質(zhì)科學(xué), 29(2): 105-114.

References:

BADARCH G, CUNNINGHAM W D, WINDLEY B F. 2002. A new terrane subdivision for Mongolia: implications for the Phanerozoic crustal growth of Central Asia[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21: 87-110.

BUSSIEN D, GOMBOJAV N, WINKLER W, QUADT A. 2011. The Mongol-Okhotsk Belt in Mongolia – an appraisal of the geodynamic development by the study of sandstone provenance and detrital zircons[J]. Tectonophysics, 510: 132-150.

COGNé J P, KRAVCHINSKY V A, HALIM N, HANKARD F. 2005. Late Jurassic – early Cretaceous closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean demonstrated by new Mesozoic palaeomagnetic results from the Trans-Baikal area (SE Siberia)[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 63: 813-832.

DONG S W, GAO R, YIN A, GUO TONGLOU, ZHANG Y Q, HU J M, LI J Y, SHI W, LI Q S. 2013. What drove continued continent-continent convergence after ocean closure? Insights from high-resolution seismic-reflection profiling across the Daba Shan in central China[J]. Geology, 41: 671-674.

DONG Shu-wen, WU Xi-hao, WU Zhen-han, DENG Jin-fu, GAO Rui, WANG Cheng-shan. 2000. On Tectonic Seesawing of the East Asia Continent—Global implication of the Yanshanian Movement[J]. Geological Review, 46(1): 8-13(in Chinese with English abstract).

DONG Shu-wen, ZHANG Yue-qiao, CHEN Xuan-hua, LONG Chang-xing, WANG Tao, YANG Zhen-yu, HU Jian-min. 2008. The Formation and Deformational Characteristics of East Asia Multi-Direction Convergent Tectonic System in Late Jurassic[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 29(3): 306-317(in Chinese with English abstract).

DONG Shu-wen, ZHANG Yue-qiao, LONG Chang-xing, YANG Zhen-yu, JI Qiang, WANG Tao, HU Jian-min, CHEN Xuan-hua. 2007. Jurassic tectonic evolution in China and new interpretation of the Yanshan movements[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(11): 1449-1461(in Chinese with English abstract).

DONSKAYA D P, GLADKOCHUB A M, MAZUKABZOY A V I. 2013. Late Paleozoic – Mesozoic subduction-related magmatism at the southern margin of the Siberian continent and the 150 million-year history of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 62(30): 79-97.

DORJSUREN B, BUJINLKHAM B, MINJIN C, TSUKADA K. 2006. Geological setting of the Ulaanbaatar terrane in the Hangay –Henteyzone of the Devonian accretionary complex, Central Asian orogenic belt[EB/OL]. [2013-02-03]. http:// www.igcp.itu.edu. tr/Publications/Dorjsuren_06.pdf.

ENKIN R J, YANG Z, CHEN Y, COURTILLOT V. 1992. Paleomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of major blocks of China from the Permian to the Present[J]. Journal Geophysical Research, 97(B10): 13953-13989.

EUGENE V A, Michael A B. 1986. Mechanisms of formation of deep basins on continental crust in the Verkhoyansk fold belt; miogeosynclines and cratonic basins)[J]. Tectonophysics, 122(3-4): 217-245.

FILIPPOYA I B, BUSH V A, DIDENKO A N. 2001. Middle Paleozoic subduction belts: the leading factor in the formation of the Central Asian fold-and-thrust belt[J]. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, 3: 405-426.

GORDIENKO I V, BULGATOV A N, RUZHENTSEY S V, MININA O R, KLIMUK V S, VETLUZHSKIKH L I, NEKRASOV G E, LASTOCHIN N I, SITNIKOVA V S, METELKIN D V, GONEGER T A, LEPEKHINA E N. 2010. The Late Riphean–Paleozoic history of the Uda–Vitim island arc system in the Transbaikalian sector of the Paleoasian ocean[J]. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 51: 461-481.

JAHN B M, WU F Y, CHEN B. 2000a. Granitoids of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and continental growth in the Phanerozoic[J]. Trans-actions Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 91: 181-193.

JAHN B M, WU F Y, HONG D W. 2000b. Massive granitoids genera-tion in Central Asia: Nd isotopic evidence and implication for cont-inental growth in the Phanerozoic[J]. Episodes, 23(2): 82-92.

JOHAN D G, MICHAEL M B, PETER V D H. 2007. Distant effects of India–Eurasia convergence and Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in Central Asia: Constraints from apatitefission-track thermochronology[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29(2-3): 188-204.

KOVALENKO V I, YARMOLYUK V V, KOVACH V P, KOTOVE A B, KOZAKOV I K, SALNIKOVA E B, LARIN A M. 2004. Isotope provinces, mechanisms of generation and sources of the continental crust in the Central Asian Mobile Belt: geological and isotopic ev-idence[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 23: 605-627.

KRAVCHINSKY V A, COGNE J P, HARBERT W P, KUZMIN M I. 2002a. Evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean as constrained by new palaeomagnetic data from the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone, Siberia[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 148: 34-57.

KR?NER A, WINDLEY B F, BADARCH G, TOMURTOGOO O, HEGNER E, JAHN B M, GRUSCHA S, KHAIN E V, DEMOUX A, WINGATE M T D. 2007. Accretionary growth and crust-formation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and comparison with the Arabian–Nubian shield[J]. Geological Society of America Memoir, 200: 181-209.

KR?NER A, WINDLEY B F, BADARCH G, TOMURTOGOO O, HEGNER E, LIU D Y, WINGATE M T D. 2005. Accretionary growth in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt of Mongolia during the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic and comparison with the Arabian–Nubian Shield and the present Southwest Pacific[J]. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 7, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/ EGU05-A-06650.

KUZMIN M I, KRAVCHINSKY V A. 1996. Preliminary paleomagnetic data on the Mongolia–Okhotsk fold belt[J]. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 37 (1): 54-62.

LI Jin-yi, QU Jun-feng, ZHANG Jin, LIU Jian-feng, XU Wen-liang, ZHANG Shuan-hong, GUO Rui-qing, ZHU Zhi-xin, LI Ya-ping, LI Yong-fei, WANG Tao, XU Xue-yi, LI Zhi-pei, LIU Yong-qing, SUN Li-xin, JIAN Ping, ZHANG Yu, WANG Li-jia, PENG Shu-hua, FENG Qian-wen, WANG Yu, WANG Hong-bo, ZHAO Xi-xi. 2013. New Developments on the Reconstruction of Phanerozoic Geological History and Research of Metallogenic Geological Settings of the Northern China Orogenic Region[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 32(2-3): 207-219(in Chinese with English abstract).

LI Jin-yi, ZHANG Jin, YANG Tian-nan, LI Ya-ping, SUN Gui-hua, ZHU Zhi-xin, WANG Li-jia. 2009. Crustal Tectonic Division and Evolution of the Southern Part of the North Asian Orogenic Region and Its Adjacent Areas[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 39(4): 584-605(in Chinese with English abstract).

LI Jin-yi. 1998. Some New Ideas on Tectonics of NE China and Its Neighboring Areas[J]. Geological Review, 44(4): 310-347(in Chinese with English abstract).

MARUYAMA S, SANTOSH M, ZHAO D. 2007. Superplume, super-continent, and post-perovskite: Mantle dynamics and ant-i plate tec-tonics on the Core-Mantle Boundary[J]. GondwanaResearch, 11: 7-37.

MENG Xian-gang, FENG Xiang-yang, SHAO Zhao-gang, YANG Mei-ling, ZHU Da-gang, WANG Jian-ping. 2001. Structural Features and Dynamics of Major Fault Belts in Gold Deposits of Middle Xuefeng Mountain[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 22(2): 117-122(in Chinese with English abstract).

METELKIN D V, VEMIKOVSKY V A, KAZANSKY Y A, WINGATE M T D. 2010. Late Mesozoic tectonics of Central Asia based on paleomagnetic evidence[J]. Gondwana Research, 18: 400-419.

MINJIN C, TOMURTOGOO O, DORJSUREN B. 2006. Devonian-Carboniferous accretionary complex of the Ulaanbaatar terrane, Excursiong aroud Ulaanbaatar[EB/OL]. [2013-02-14]. http://www. igcp.itu.edu.tr/Publications/MinjinGuide1_06.pdf.

MO Shen-guo, HAN Mei-lian, LI Jin-yi. 2005. Compositions and orogenic processes of Mongolia-Okhotsk orogen[J]. Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology (Natural-Science), 24(3): 50-52, 64(in Chinese with English abstract).

MOLNAR P, TAPPONNIER P. 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a continental collision[J]. Science, 189: 419-426.

MOLNAR P, TAPPONNIER P. 1977. Relation of the tectonics of eastern China to the India–Eurasia collision: application of slip-line field theory to large-scale continental tectonics[J]. Geology, 5: 212-216.

PARFENOV L M, BERZIN N A, KHANCHUK A I, BADRACH G, BELICHENKO V G, BULGATOV A N, DRIL S I, KIRILLOVA G L, KUZ`MIN M I, NOCKLEBERG W J, PROKOP`EV A V, TIMOFEEV, V F, TOMURTOGOO O, YAB H. 2003. A model for the formation of orogenic belts in Central and Northeast Asia[J]. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya, 22(6): 7-41.

PARFENOV L M, POPEKO L I, TOMURTOGOO O. 1999. The Problems of tectonics of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt[J]. Geology of the Pacific Ocean, 18(5): 24-43.

PELTZER G. TAPPONNIER P. 1988. Formation and evolution of strike-slip faults, rifts, and basins during the India-Asia collision: an experimental approach[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93: 15085-15117.

REN J S, NIU B G, WANG J, JIN X C, ZHAO L, LIU R Y. 2013. Advances in research of Asian geology—A summary of 1:5M International Geological Map of Asia project[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 72: 3-11.

REN Ji-shun, NIU Bao-gui, WANG Jun, HE Zheng-jun, JIN Xiao-chi, XIE Liang-zhen, ZHAO Lei, LIU Ren-yan, JIANG Xiao-jun, LI Shan, YANG Fu-ling. 2013. 1:5 Million International Geological Map of Asia[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 34(1): 24-30(in Chinese with English abstract).

SENG?R A M C, NATAL`IN B A, BURTMAN V S. 1993. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia[J]. Nature, 364: 299-307.

SENG?R A M C, NATAL`IN B A. 1996. Palaeotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesis//YIN A, HARRISON T M. The Tectonic Evolution of Asia[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press: 486-640.

TAPPONNIER P, MOLNAR P. 1979. Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84: 3425-3459.

TAPPONNIER P, PELTZER G, LE DAIN A Y, ARMIJO R, COBBOLD P. 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new insights from simple experiments with plasticine[J]. Geology, 10: 611-616.

TAPPONNIER, P, XU Z Q, ROGER F, MEYER B, AMAUD N, WITTLINGER G, YANG J S. 2001. Geology-oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau[J]. Science, 294: 1671-1677.

THOMAS K K, YIN A, BATULZII D, GEORGE E G, ANGELA E R. 2008. Detrital-zircon geochronology of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Hangay–Hentey basin, north-central Mongolia: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean in central Asia[J]. Tectonophysics, 451(1-4): 290-311.

VLADIMIR S O. 2003. Tectonic evolution of the Mesozoic Verkhoyansk–Kolyma belt (NE Asia)[J]. Tectonophysics, 365: 45-76.

WICKHAM S M, ALBERTS A D, ZANVILEVICH A N, LITVINOVSKY B A, BINDEMAN I N, SCHUBLE E A. 1996. A stable isotope study of anaorogenic magmatism in East Central Asia[J]. J. Petrol., 37: 1063-1095.

WINDLEY B F, ALEXEIEV D, XIAO W, KR?NER A, BADERCH G. 2007. Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt[J]. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 164: 31-47.

XIAO W J, HAN C M, YUAN C, SUN M, LIN S F, CHEN H L, LI Z L, LI J L, SUN S. 2008. Middle Cambrian to Permian subduction-related accretionary orogenesis of North Xinjiang, NW China: implications for the tectonic evolution of Central Asia[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32: 102-117.

XIAO W J, WINDLEY B F, HUANG B C, HAN C M, YUAN C, CHEN H L, SUN M, SUN S, LI J Y. 2009b. End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionary processes of the south-ern Altaids: implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth, and metallogeny of Central Asia[J]. Int. J. Earth Sci., 98(6): 1189-1217.

XIAO W J, WINDLEY B F, YUAN C, SUN M, HAN C M, LIN S F, CHEN H L, YAN Q R, LIU D Y, QIN K Z, LI J Y, SUN S. 2009a. Paleozoic multiple sub-duction-accretion processes of the southern Altaids[J]. American Journal of Science, 309: 221-270.

XU Hou-ze, XIONG Xiong. 2004. Study ofcontinental crustmove-ment of Northeast Asia with GPS[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 24(4): 1-6(in Chinese with English abstract). YAKUBCHUK A S, EDWARDS A C. 1999. Auriferous Palaeozoic accretionary terranes within the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone, Russian Far East[C]//WEBER G. Proceedings Pacrim’99. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Publications Series 4/99: 347-358.

YANNICK D, GILLES R, ALAIN C, PATRICK L, DENIS G. 2013. Timing of exhumation of the Ereendavaa metamorphic core complex (north-eastern Mongolia) – U-Pb and40Ar/39Ar constraints[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 62: 98-116.

YIN A, HARRISON T M. 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28: 211-280.

YIN A. 2006. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 76: 1-131.

?ALOHAR J, VRABEC M. 2007. Paleostress analysis of heterogeneous fault-slip data: the Gauss method[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 29: 1798-1810.

ZHANG Yue-qiao, DONG Shu-wen, LI Jian-hua, CUI Jian-jun, SHI Wei, SU Jin-bao, LI Yong. 2013. The New Progress in the Study of Mesozoic Tectonics of South China[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 33(3): 257-279(in Chinese with English abstract).

ZHAO X, COE R S, ZHOU Y, WU H, WANG J. 1990. New paleomagnetic results from Northern China: collision and suturing with Siberia and Kazakhstan[J]. Tectonophysics, 114: 43-81.

ZHAO Yue, YANG Zhen-yu, MA Xing-hua. 1994. Geotectonic transition fromPaleo asian system and Paleotethyan system to Paleopacific active continental margin in eastern Asia[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 29(2): 105-114(in Chinese with English abstract).

ZONENSHAIN L P, KUZMIN M I, NATAPOV L M. 1990. Geology of the USSR: A Plate Tectonic Synthesis[J]. Geodynamics Series, 21: 242.

ZONENSHAIN L P, SAVOSTIN L A. 1981. Geodynamics of the Baikal rift zone and plate tectonics of Asia[J]. Tectonophysics, 76: 1-45.

ZORIN Y A, SKLYAROV E V, BELICHENKO V G, MAZUKABZOV A M. 2007. Evolution of island arcs and geodynamics of the eastern Central Asian Foldbelt in the Neogea[J]. Doklady Earth Sciences, 412: 39-42.

ZORIN Y A. 1999. Geodynamics of the western part of the Mongolia–Okhotsk collisional belt, Trans-Baikal region (Russia) and Mongolia[J]. Tectonophysics, 306: 33-56.

Tectonic Deformation and Dynamic Characteristics of the Middle Part of the Mongolia–Okhotsk Collisional Belt, Mongolia

HUANG Shi-qi1), DONG Shu-wen1)*, ZHANG Fu-qin2), MIAO Lai-cheng2), ZHU Ming-shuai2)
1) Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037; 2) Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029

As an important part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, the Mongolia–Okhotsk collisional belt has attracted much attention for its tectonic deformation and dynamic characteristics. Along the middle part of the Mongolia–Okhotsk collisional belt, five ductile deformation sites and a brittle deformation site were analyzed to reveal its tectonic deformation and dynamic features. B style fold, crumple structure, A style fold, mineral stretching lineation and S-C fabric indicate NW–SE shearing. This information reveals that might have existed a large collision or multi-periodic collisions in the same direction, which resulted in the formation of the Mongolia–Okhotsk collisional belt. The forming time and global tectonic settings as well as the dynamic origin of the Mongolia–Okhotsk collisional belt were discussed. This tectonic belt was mainly formed during the middle Jurassic-early Cretaceous period under the tectonic setting of the East Asian multi-direction convergence. The brittle deformation of Site mg6 was analyzed and two paleo-stress fields were restored, i.e., the NW–SE compression stress field and the E–W compression stress field. The NW–SE compression stress field might have resulted from the distant effect of the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, whereas the E–W compression stress field probably resulted from the distant effect of the India-Asia collision during the early Cenozoic.

P542; P541

A

10.3975/cagsb.2014.04.03

本文由國家專項“深部探測與實驗研究”(編號: SinoProbe-08-01)資助。

2013-07-11; 改回日期: 2014-04-15。責(zé)任編輯: 張改俠。

黃始琪, 男, 1984年生。博士研究生。構(gòu)造地質(zhì)專業(yè)。通訊地址: 100037, 北京市西城區(qū)百萬莊大街 26號。電話: 010-68999606。E-mail: qi283463544@163.com。

*通訊作者: 董樹文, 男, 1954 年生。研究員, 博士生導(dǎo)師。長期從事構(gòu)造地質(zhì)與碰撞造山帶研究。通訊地址: 100037, 北京市西城區(qū)百萬莊大街26號。電話: 010-68999606。E-mail: swdong@cags.ac.cn。