陳 巖(綜述) 朱雨嵐(審校)
絲裂原活化蛋白激酶 (mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)是絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶的一個(gè)家族,可將細(xì)胞外刺激傳遞至細(xì)胞內(nèi),對(duì)生長(zhǎng)因子和不同形式的壓力作出應(yīng)答,是真核細(xì)胞中主要的激酶?jìng)鲗?dǎo)通路[1]。MAPKs調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞許多功能,包括細(xì)胞增殖、分化、新陳代謝和凋亡。在MAPK通路中信號(hào)通過(guò)三層連續(xù)的激酶?jìng)鬟f,MAPKKK,MAPKK和MAPK,后兩種激酶激活需雙重磷酸化[2]。在哺乳類(lèi)動(dòng)物中MAPK分為四個(gè)亞型,細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regula-ted kinase,ERK1/2)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、p38絲裂原活 化 蛋 白 激 酶 (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)和細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶5(extracellular-regulated kinase 5,ERK5)。近年ERK5已成為研究熱點(diǎn),是多種疾病尤其癌癥新的治療靶點(diǎn),它在細(xì)胞增殖、存活及血管生成中起關(guān)鍵的作用,在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生發(fā)展及疾病的研究也逐步深入。
ERK5長(zhǎng)度是其他MAPKs的2倍(人體ERK5含有816個(gè)氨基酸),因此也被稱(chēng)為大絲裂原活化激酶1(big MAP kinase 1,BMK1)。與其他 MAPKs不同的是,ERK5有獨(dú)一無(wú)二的包含轉(zhuǎn)錄激活區(qū)的C羧基端尾[1]。ERK5能通過(guò)磷酸化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子激活轉(zhuǎn)錄,其本身作為轉(zhuǎn)錄輔激活物[1]。MAPK家族有不同的表面蛋白,使它們綁定不同的激活劑和底物[3]。促蛋白激酶激酶5(MEK5)是ERK5的特異激活劑,在活化循環(huán)中通過(guò)TEY的雙重磷酸化激活ERK5,而MEK5中PB1區(qū)主要調(diào)節(jié)ERK5的活性[3]。當(dāng)生長(zhǎng)因子、氧化或高滲透壓大范圍變化時(shí)ERK5被激活。Tatiana等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)ERK5與熱休克蛋白90-細(xì)胞分裂循環(huán)37(Hsp90-Cdc37)相伴存在于靜息細(xì)胞中,ERK5的核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)需要把Hsp90從ERK5-Cdc37復(fù)合體中分離出來(lái),Cdc37過(guò)表達(dá)同樣可引起Hsp90的分離而激活轉(zhuǎn)錄。由于Cdc37與ERK5共同促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,癌細(xì)胞中Cdc37的過(guò)表達(dá)可能是ERK5調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤增殖的新機(jī)制。Djung等使用BIX02188分別對(duì)ERK5和ERK1/2磷酸化進(jìn)行干預(yù),濃度為9u M時(shí)開(kāi)始對(duì)ERK5起抑制作用,且其抑制作用呈濃度依賴(lài)性,而對(duì)ERK1/2的抑制不明顯,表明BIX02188是ERK5的特異性抑制劑[4]。ERK5激酶在調(diào)控神經(jīng)元存活、分化及心血管系統(tǒng)發(fā)生發(fā)展中起決定性作用[5]。
ERK5在神經(jīng)形成、神經(jīng)元分化與腦細(xì)胞保護(hù)中均起重要作用。神經(jīng)元的存活依賴(lài)于轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中的基本螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)(b HLH)的短暫反應(yīng),它包括神經(jīng)元素1(N1)、神經(jīng)元素2(N2)和Ascl1(Mash1神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞特異性轉(zhuǎn)移因子抗體)。Paige等通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)N1的轉(zhuǎn)錄和神經(jīng)形成均需內(nèi)源性ERK5的激活,阻斷ERK5可抑制N1誘發(fā)的神經(jīng)形成[6]。Tan等報(bào)道條件性損傷ERK5區(qū)可導(dǎo)致成年鼠嗅覺(jué)受損,又通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)敲除成年鼠神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的ERK5sh RNA,發(fā)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)基中的神經(jīng)生成減少;相反增加上游激活激酶MEK5的表達(dá),則刺激了神經(jīng)生成[7]。Junhui等靶向性敲除鼠生長(zhǎng)中的神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的ERK5激酶發(fā)現(xiàn)嗅球中γ-氨基丁酸神經(jīng)元的數(shù)量減少,損傷了γ-氨基丁酸中間神經(jīng)元,使區(qū)分相似氣味的嗅覺(jué)行為受損[8]。這都說(shuō)明ERK5參與調(diào)解成年嗅球神經(jīng)形成,是調(diào)節(jié)嗅覺(jué)行為的新信號(hào)通路。Satako等通過(guò)敲除ERK5基因?qū)е路侵拮蛤茴^部結(jié)構(gòu)減少和神經(jīng)元分化的抑制,強(qiáng)制性激活ERK5可引起神經(jīng)元的分化,表明ERK5通路在神經(jīng)元分化中起重要作用[9]。Changsu等通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)黃體酮是通過(guò)依賴(lài)ERK5通路的黃體酮膜受體增加了腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)從神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)中釋放,從而對(duì)細(xì)胞起到保護(hù)作用[10]。
動(dòng)脈硬化性血栓形成是腦梗死的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型,近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)ERK5在腦血栓形成的多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中起作用。
3.1.1 ERK5與腦血管動(dòng)脈硬化 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是腦血栓形成的根本原因,硬化斑塊常在渦流處發(fā)生,保護(hù)區(qū)域位于平流處,可保護(hù)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞免于細(xì)胞凋亡和炎癥。Jae等發(fā)現(xiàn)ERK5以依賴(lài)于hsc70(相關(guān)蛋白泛素連接酶)C端的方式激活,調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞完整性并保護(hù)它免于細(xì)胞凋亡與血管功能障礙[11]。
3.1.2 ERK5與細(xì)胞毒性作用 目前已明確一系列導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制,如興奮性氨基酸細(xì)胞毒性作用。Dai等發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血后黃芩提取物通過(guò)激活抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)γ-氨基丁酸能信號(hào)與ERK,對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)起保護(hù)作用[12]。
3.1.3 ERK5與再灌注損傷 腦梗死患者閉塞的血管再通后(溶栓或自發(fā)再通),部分神經(jīng)功能缺失反而加重,可見(jiàn)缺血引起的腦損傷亦可發(fā)生在灌注恢復(fù)期,這種現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)為再灌注損傷。Wang等發(fā)現(xiàn)鼠海馬缺血再灌注后ERK5在CA3/DG區(qū)的表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈被激活,隨后通過(guò)N受體的激活從細(xì)胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至細(xì)胞核;再灌注后3 d使用抑制劑N-乙酰半胱氨酸(缺血后ERK5活性的劑量依賴(lài)性抑制劑),不僅使ERK5的蛋白表達(dá)降低了,也使CA3/DG區(qū)的神經(jīng)元大量死亡,ERK5是否在缺血引起的CA3/DG區(qū)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞損害中起神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,有待研究[13]。
3.1.4 ERK5與氧化應(yīng)激 氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是腦缺血和再灌注的重要調(diào)節(jié)者之一。氧化應(yīng)激引起腦血管事件的原因部分為細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)分子的變化,包括MAPK激酶。據(jù)報(bào)道ERK5對(duì)氧分壓敏感,Suzaki檢測(cè)了PC12細(xì)胞中H2O2對(duì)ERK5的激活,發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血后ERK5迅速并明顯被H2O2激活,呈濃度依賴(lài)性,激活被ERK5抑制劑PD98059和U0126抑制后細(xì)胞死亡數(shù)明顯增多,ERK5對(duì)缺血缺氧后細(xì)胞起保護(hù)作用[14]。
3.1.5 ERK5與細(xì)胞凋亡及神經(jīng)保護(hù) Qi等通過(guò)檢測(cè)缺血預(yù)處理后海馬CA1區(qū)的ERK5的活性和核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的效應(yīng),發(fā)現(xiàn)ERK5在鼠海馬CA1區(qū)不會(huì)立即被激活,其活性在缺血后3 h和3 d時(shí)有兩個(gè)高峰,后恢復(fù)至基線水平[15]。肌細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)結(jié)合因子2C(MEF2C)是腦缺血預(yù)處理后海馬CA1區(qū)p38激酶和ERK5共同的底物,Wang等通過(guò)免疫沉淀方法研究顯示在再灌注后3 d ERK5和MEF2C相互作用明顯增加,這種增加被ERK5反義寡核苷酸抑制后海馬CA1區(qū)細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)增加[16],這提示潛在的缺血耐受機(jī)制,表明ERK5-MEF2C通路在抗細(xì)胞凋亡與缺血預(yù)處理后的神經(jīng)保護(hù)中起重要作用。
眾所周知阿爾茨海默病是一種以進(jìn)行性認(rèn)知功能障礙和行為損害為特征的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病。畢勝等通過(guò)蛋白質(zhì)印跡分析得出,AD組與帕金森癡呆患者組及老年人組比較,ERK蛋白質(zhì)印跡最深,表明其在AD發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要作用[17]。
3.2.1 ERK5與海馬 海馬萎縮是AD的特征之一,海馬CA1區(qū)與整個(gè)海馬體積變化對(duì)AD的敏感性和特異性不同,前者對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)AD更加準(zhǔn)確[18],ERK5激活后選擇性表達(dá)于海馬CA1區(qū),Yung等[19]報(bào)道ERK5蛋白激酶特異性表達(dá)于成年大鼠腦神經(jīng)起源區(qū)域,記憶的建立需要ERK5激酶及正在發(fā)育的海馬神經(jīng)是否可通過(guò)檢測(cè)ERK5的表達(dá)水平來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)癡呆前階段有待于進(jìn)一步研究。近年來(lái)研究表明阿爾茨海默病的發(fā)病與糖代謝異常有關(guān),如胰島素信號(hào)通路異常等,而胰島素受體在海馬區(qū)高表達(dá)[20],ERK5激酶亦高表達(dá)于海馬,ERK5信號(hào)通路在調(diào)節(jié)胰島素的表達(dá)中起正性作用,因此激活ERK5信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)胰島素表達(dá)可否作為治療神經(jīng)退行性疾病的一種方法。
3.2.2 ERK5與學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的改善 研究表明ERK5一個(gè)決定性的作用是調(diào)節(jié)區(qū)分圖案的神經(jīng)形成,一種依賴(lài)于齒狀回空間學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的形式[21]。Li等發(fā)現(xiàn)腦卒中后30 d海馬長(zhǎng)程增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)減少,這種損害被γ-氨基丁酸受體抑制,同時(shí)ERK5的活性也降低,說(shuō)明腦卒中后記憶和學(xué)習(xí)能力進(jìn)行性下降與海馬區(qū)長(zhǎng)程增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)減少、γ-氨基丁酸能神經(jīng)傳遞的提升和ERK5活性的抑制有關(guān)[22]。侯德仁等通過(guò)免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)大鼠腦組織ERK的表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果與對(duì)照組比較,模型組大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降,其皮層ERK表達(dá)減少,與模型組比較,丁苯酞組大鼠皮層ERK表達(dá)增多[23]。表明丁苯酞改善阿爾茨海默病大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力可能與其增加ERK的表達(dá)有關(guān)。
神經(jīng)痛通常在周?chē)窠?jīng)受損后發(fā)生,目前治療方法有限,給患者帶來(lái)痛苦。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MAPK在神經(jīng)痛方面起重要作用。正常情況下p-ERK免疫反應(yīng)在周?chē)窠?jīng)呈節(jié)段樣分布,神經(jīng)被剪斷5 h后該分布消失,至24 h重新出現(xiàn),3 d后恢復(fù)正常,這是神經(jīng)損傷造成的急性反應(yīng)變化[24]。神經(jīng)受損增加了背根神經(jīng)節(jié)p-ERK5活性,ERK5激活后引起痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏。CX3CL在神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞核與膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間傳遞痛覺(jué)信號(hào),Lu等發(fā)現(xiàn)CX3CL是通過(guò)ERK5通路調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)損傷引起的痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏[25]。肖純等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用反義寡核苷酸后ERK5表達(dá)受抑制,而p-CREB表達(dá)上調(diào),證明ERK5是通過(guò)激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB參與的神經(jīng)源性疼痛[26]。敲除ERK5可抑制神經(jīng)損傷引起的疼痛并減少小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活性。
神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病如缺血性腦卒中、癡呆、神經(jīng)痛等是世界范圍內(nèi)常見(jiàn)疾病,雖治療方法層出不窮,但尚缺乏有效治療藥物,尋找新的治療靶點(diǎn)仍是我們不斷前進(jìn)的方向。ERK5通路是近年來(lái)人們新發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞外信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,對(duì)它與多種疾病的研究也逐漸增多,但在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中的探索尚有限,值得繼續(xù)深入研究,以利于指導(dǎo)對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)及診療,為患者解除病痛。
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