李小鵬 車明 楊小強(qiáng) 翟大為 拜錦星 馬衛(wèi)東
?神經(jīng)介入?
39例動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血介入結(jié)合術(shù)后微創(chuàng)綜合治療體會(huì)
李小鵬 車明 楊小強(qiáng) 翟大為 拜錦星 馬衛(wèi)東
目的 探討動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(SAH)神經(jīng)介入栓塞結(jié)合術(shù)后微創(chuàng)方法綜合治療的臨床療效。方法 2010 年 11月~2012年12月39例自發(fā)性SAH患者,均在DSA確診為動(dòng)脈瘤后,先行神經(jīng)介入栓塞術(shù)栓塞動(dòng)脈瘤,之后根據(jù)病情及CT表現(xiàn)選擇性行腦室外引流、腰大池置管引流及腰穿置換引流中的一種或多種微創(chuàng)方法治療。結(jié)果 術(shù)后嚴(yán)重血管痙攣致死亡患者1例,無重度殘疾發(fā)生,中度殘疾1例,輕度殘疾2例,其余35例均恢復(fù)良好,其中2例因腦積水最終行腦室-腹腔分流術(shù),術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好;術(shù)后隨診,1年后 27例患者來院復(fù)查DSA,其中2例動(dòng)脈瘤復(fù)發(fā),均行二次栓塞,恢復(fù)良好,其余24例患者未見復(fù)發(fā),也未見腦積水、血管痙攣等并發(fā)癥;全部病例未再出血。結(jié)論 神經(jīng)介入栓塞術(shù)結(jié)合術(shù)后微創(chuàng)方法治療動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血效果良好,可降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。
蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血; 栓塞,治療性; 微創(chuàng)治療
動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)是因顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂引起的自發(fā)性SAH,在自發(fā)性SAH病因中占52%[1]。治療上除應(yīng)盡早處理動(dòng)脈瘤外,還需盡快清除SAH,否則,由于SAH引發(fā)的腦血管痙攣(cerebralvasospasm, CVS)和可能發(fā)生的腦積水將影響療效。
一、對象
收集2010 年 11月~2012年12月我院收治的39例患者,術(shù)前均行DSA、CT確診為動(dòng)脈瘤性SAH;其中男性18例,女性21例;年齡39~68歲,平均(61.5±?)歲;術(shù)前進(jìn)行Hunt和Hess分級(jí),其中Ⅰ級(jí)7例,Ⅱ級(jí)11例,Ⅲ級(jí)19例,Ⅳ級(jí)2例,無Ⅴ級(jí)病例;出血主要破入側(cè)腦室者13例,單純蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血較多,術(shù)前有較明顯腦室擴(kuò)大者12例。39例患者共42例動(dòng)脈瘤:前交通動(dòng)脈瘤16例、后交通動(dòng)脈瘤18例、頸眼動(dòng)脈瘤2例、基地動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈瘤4例、大腦中動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈瘤2例,其中多發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者3例。
二、方法
1.介入栓塞:39例患者術(shù)前均經(jīng)DSA確診,其中35例患者DSA術(shù)后即刻行栓塞治療。術(shù)中全部采用氣管插管全麻,術(shù)中持續(xù)緩慢靜滴尼莫地平液預(yù)防血管痙攣,術(shù)前肌內(nèi)注射魯米那0.1 mg預(yù)防癲癇發(fā)作。常規(guī)消毒、鋪單,所有導(dǎo)管及連接裝置均以肝素鹽水沖洗浸泡后常規(guī)嚴(yán)密連接、嚴(yán)密排空氣體,采用Seldinger穿刺技術(shù)行股動(dòng)脈穿刺置動(dòng)脈鞘,以3套加壓輸液器分別連接動(dòng)脈鞘、導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)管及微導(dǎo)管,術(shù)中持續(xù)緩慢滴注生理鹽水沖洗。39例患者12例未進(jìn)行肝素化,其余27例常規(guī)肝素化,術(shù)后均以魚精蛋白中和。39例患者均采用電解脫式彈簧圈栓塞,其中3個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤以血管支架輔助后以彈簧圈栓塞。術(shù)中每放置1枚彈簧圈均經(jīng)導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)管行造影或“冒煙”觀察載瘤動(dòng)脈及栓塞程度,直至造影時(shí)動(dòng)脈瘤內(nèi)無明顯造影劑顯影。
2.栓塞術(shù)后微創(chuàng)治療:①39例患者中明顯腦積水或出血主要破入側(cè)腦室的16例術(shù)后即刻行腦室外引流,引流管內(nèi)未進(jìn)行尿激酶注射,7天后拔管,之后每日腰穿置換腦脊液,連續(xù)1周;②單純SAH出血較多患者12例,術(shù)后放置腰大池持續(xù)引流7天,之后每日腰穿置換腦脊液,連續(xù)1周;③出血較少患者11例,術(shù)后每日或間斷行腰穿置換腦脊液1周。
根據(jù)國際GOS預(yù)后評(píng)估:恢復(fù)良好35例(35/39,89.74%);輕度殘疾2例(2/39,5.13%);中度殘疾1例(1/39,2.56%);重度殘疾無,死亡1例(1/39,2.56%)。死亡患者為基底動(dòng)脈瘤栓塞術(shù)后第2天并發(fā)嚴(yán)重血管痙攣致腦干梗死,搶救5天后死亡;中度殘疾患者為額葉腦內(nèi)血腫,術(shù)前肌力Ⅰ級(jí),術(shù)后恢復(fù)至Ⅲ級(jí),輕度殘疾患者均為術(shù)后動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)損傷未恢復(fù);2例(2/39,5.13%)并發(fā)腦積水最終行腦室-腹腔分流術(shù),有24例患者術(shù)后1年進(jìn)行DSA復(fù)查,其中動(dòng)脈瘤再生長1例。
1.介入栓塞:介入拴塞術(shù)治療動(dòng)脈瘤較開顱夾閉創(chuàng)傷小、圍術(shù)期準(zhǔn)備較快、造影術(shù)后即刻行拴塞術(shù)、手術(shù)用時(shí)少,可盡早解除動(dòng)脈瘤出血危險(xiǎn)。術(shù)中彈簧圈的選擇,第1個(gè)圈一般選擇3D圈,已“成欄”,之后選擇彈簧圈漸漸減小,最后一兩個(gè)彈簧圈是關(guān)鍵,既要栓塞瘤頸又要注意彈簧圈脫出等危險(xiǎn)。本組術(shù)中發(fā)生動(dòng)脈瘤再破裂1例,經(jīng)快速栓塞封堵出血,術(shù)后患者恢復(fù)良好,故術(shù)中發(fā)生動(dòng)脈瘤破裂時(shí),即刻中和肝素并快速栓塞出血?jiǎng)用}瘤,抑制出血,同時(shí)減少造影劑用量,以防血管痙攣發(fā)生[2]。術(shù)中CVS 4例(術(shù)中造影證實(shí)):頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈3例,基底動(dòng)脈瘤1例,出現(xiàn)CVS即刻停止操作,并由導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)管緩慢注入稀釋的尼莫地平液,緩解血管痙攣,并即刻行肝素化防治血栓形成。本組有12例未進(jìn)行肝素化,原則上不主張手術(shù)一開始就主動(dòng)應(yīng)用肝素化,因肝素化有導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤再出血的可能[3]。27例常規(guī)肝素化患者中3例是寬頸動(dòng)脈瘤,寬頸動(dòng)脈瘤是引起術(shù)后腦缺血并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素[4],且應(yīng)用了血管支架輔助;4例術(shù)中出現(xiàn)血管痙攣,20例患者術(shù)時(shí)1 h后行肝素化。動(dòng)脈支架的使用:寬頸動(dòng)脈瘤要靈活應(yīng)用動(dòng)脈支架輔助栓塞,本組3例血管支架輔助都是因?yàn)閷掝i動(dòng)脈瘤。
術(shù)后微創(chuàng)治療:①已發(fā)生較嚴(yán)重腦積水的患者或出血主要破入側(cè)腦室者,術(shù)后應(yīng)即行腦室外引流術(shù),引流腦室內(nèi)血腫,降低顱內(nèi)壓,引流壓力中等偏高(14~18 cmH2O),7天拔管,之后腰穿置換,如仍有腦積水存在,行V-P分流術(shù)。②有輕度腦室擴(kuò)大或少量出血破入側(cè)腦室但高顱壓癥狀不明顯患者,行腰大池引流術(shù)或每日腰穿置換腦脊液。③腰穿血性腦脊液明顯患者,行腰大池引流,或每日腰穿置換腦脊液。④腰穿血性腦脊液不明顯但頭疼癥狀明顯患者,間斷腰穿置換腦脊液治療。
動(dòng)脈瘤的治療過去以外科開顱夾閉術(shù)為主,隨著醫(yī)學(xué)影像和介入栓塞技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,目前在歐洲一些醫(yī)療中心約85%的動(dòng)脈瘤均采用介入栓塞治療[5],神經(jīng)介入栓塞術(shù)治療動(dòng)脈瘤,創(chuàng)傷小、圍術(shù)期準(zhǔn)備較快、手術(shù)用時(shí)少,是能盡早解除動(dòng)脈瘤出血危險(xiǎn)行的有效方法之一,是治療顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤相對安全有效的選擇[6],術(shù)中彈簧圈的選擇是關(guān)鍵,操作一定要膽大、心細(xì)、溫柔、準(zhǔn)確;術(shù)中如出現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)情況,要沉著冷靜處理;術(shù)后的微創(chuàng)治療,主要針對SAH可能造成的并發(fā)癥,是動(dòng)脈瘤性SAH治療的有效補(bǔ)充,可極大減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,提高患者生存質(zhì)量,但要根據(jù)不同的患者采取相應(yīng)的治療手段。
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Thirty-nine cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage neural interventional therapy and minimallyinvasive treatment experience
Li Xiaopeng*, Che Ming, Yang Xiaoqiang, Zhai Dawei, Bai Jinxing, Ma Weidong.*Department of Neurosurgery, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture People’s Hospital, Linxia 731100, China Corresponding author: Yang Xiaoqiang, Email: 18993092888@189.cn
Objective To explore the clinical effcacy of interventional therapy combined with minimally invasive treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods Thirty-nine patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage patients were diagnosed with aneurysm in the DSA. Firstly embolization of aneurysmwas done, then according to state of disease and CT performance, one or more minimally invasive treatment method such as external ventricular drainage, lumbar drainage of fuid and replacement of lumbar puncture drainage were chosen. Results One patient died of severe vasospasm after operation. There was no severe disability, 1 patient with moderate disability, 2 with mild disability, the other 35 patients recovered well in which 2 cases with hydrocephalus underwent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, good recovery after surgery. One-year follow-up after surgery, 27 patients came to review DSA, including 2 cases with aneurysm relapse growing received second embolization and had good recovery. The remaining 24 patients did not relapse, hydrocephalus, vasospasm and other complications were not found. All cases were not rebleeding. Conclusions Nerve embolization combined with postoperative minimally invasive approach in treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have good effect, could reduce the incidence rate of complications.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Embolization, therapeutic; Minimally invasive treatment
2013-09-01)
(本文編輯:錢曉軍)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5782.2014.02.003
731100 臨夏回族自治州人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科(李小鵬、翟大為、拜錦星、馬衛(wèi)東),消化介入科(楊小強(qiáng));730000 蘭州,甘肅省人民醫(yī)院介入科(車明)
楊小強(qiáng),Email:18993092888@189.cn