徐學(xué)才
在句中充當(dāng)除謂語以外句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫作非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞,分詞又包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。
一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的主要形式
(一)動(dòng)詞不定式
(二)動(dòng)名詞/現(xiàn)在分詞
(三)過去分詞本身(done)表示被動(dòng)和完成
二、非謂語動(dòng)詞在具體語境下的形式判斷
(一)動(dòng)詞不定式形式的判斷
1.不定式表示將來
例1 The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.
A. being completed B. to be completed
C. completed D. having been completed
【解析】選B。句意:明年將竣工的機(jī)場(chǎng)將有助于促進(jìn)該地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)。根據(jù)句中的時(shí)間狀語及句意可知,非謂語動(dòng)詞表示將來和被動(dòng),因此選動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式,作后置定語。
2.不定式表示目的
例2 I stopped the car _______ a short break as I was feeling tired.
A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken
【解析】選C。句意:我停下車來休息一會(huì)兒,因?yàn)槲腋杏X累了。此處動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的,因此選C。
3.不定式表示結(jié)果
例3 Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _______ his plane high up in the sky.
A. finding B. to find
C. being found D. to have found
【解析】選B。句意:湯姆乘的士趕到機(jī)場(chǎng),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他要乘坐的飛機(jī)已經(jīng)起飛了。此處only后接動(dòng)詞不定式,表示意想不到的結(jié)果,因此選B。
(二)動(dòng)名詞形式的判斷
1. 動(dòng)名詞作主語
例4 _______ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A. Known B. Having known
C. Knowing D. Being known
【解析】選C。句意:了解急救的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)將有助于你快速應(yīng)對(duì)突發(fā)事件。此句謂語為will help,因此所選非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語,而且說明一般事實(shí),表示主動(dòng),因此使用動(dòng)名詞的一般式knowing。having known為動(dòng)名詞的完成式,being known為動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。
2. 動(dòng)名詞作賓語
例5 One learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them.
A. corrects B. correct
C. to correct D. correcting
【解析】選D。句意:人們通過犯錯(cuò)誤和改正錯(cuò)誤來學(xué)習(xí)語言。句中making與correcting為并列結(jié)構(gòu),作介詞by的賓語。
(三)過去分詞形式的判斷
1. 過去分詞作定語
例6 You cannot accept an opinion _______ to you unless it is based on facts.
A. offering B. to offer
C. having offered D. offered
【解析】選D。句意:你不能主動(dòng)接受別人給你的意見,除非這種意見是建立在事實(shí)基礎(chǔ)之上的。opinion與動(dòng)詞offer之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用過去分詞,作后置定語。
例7 After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _______.
A. providing B. provided
C. having provided D. provide
【解析】選B。句意:填好表格并簽名后,請(qǐng)把表格放入我們提供的信封內(nèi)送回。此處provided與其邏輯主語envelope之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,在句中作定語,相當(dāng)于which is provided。providing表示主動(dòng),having provided表示主動(dòng)和完成。
2. 過去分詞作狀語
例8 There are some health problems that,when _______ in time,can become bigger ones later on.
A. not treated B. not being treated
C. not to be treated D. not have been treated
【解析】選A。句中分詞作狀語可以看成狀語從句的省略,由于非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語即為主句的主語health problems,而且它們之間的關(guān)系為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞。
3. 過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
例9 When we saw the road _______ with snow,we decided to spend the holiday at home.
A. block B. to block
C. blocking D. blocked
【解析】選D。句意:當(dāng)看到道路被積雪堵塞時(shí),我們決定在家度假。非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,而且與賓語之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,構(gòu)成see sth. done結(jié)構(gòu),因此選D。
例10 Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car _______.
A. washed B. wash
C. washing D. to wash
【解析】選A。句意:在驅(qū)車進(jìn)城之前,你必須將你的車洗了。使役動(dòng)詞get后接的賓語car與作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞wash之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,構(gòu)成短語get sth. done,因此選A。
(四)現(xiàn)在分詞形式的判斷
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
例11 Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _______ for her.
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. was waiting
【解析】選C。句意:勞拉在巴黎呆了一周多,當(dāng)她到家后,有一堆郵件在等著她。由于wait與mail之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示狀態(tài),所以用現(xiàn)在分詞,作后置定語。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語
例12 _______ the course very difficult,she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
【解析】選B。句意:由于發(fā)現(xiàn)該課程很難,她決定轉(zhuǎn)到低一水平的課程。由于非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語she之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且作原因狀語,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
例13 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _______ them.
A. to follow B. following
C. followed D. follows
【解析】選B。句意:這對(duì)老夫婦經(jīng)常在晚飯后在公園散步,他們的寵物狗跟在后面。介詞with后面的賓語pet dog與補(bǔ)足語follow構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,說明一種狀態(tài)且表示主動(dòng),因此用現(xiàn)在分詞。
(責(zé)任編校/彭益)
A. block B. to block
C. blocking D. blocked
【解析】選D。句意:當(dāng)看到道路被積雪堵塞時(shí),我們決定在家度假。非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,而且與賓語之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,構(gòu)成see sth. done結(jié)構(gòu),因此選D。
例10 Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car _______.
A. washed B. wash
C. washing D. to wash
【解析】選A。句意:在驅(qū)車進(jìn)城之前,你必須將你的車洗了。使役動(dòng)詞get后接的賓語car與作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞wash之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,構(gòu)成短語get sth. done,因此選A。
(四)現(xiàn)在分詞形式的判斷
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
例11 Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _______ for her.
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. was waiting
【解析】選C。句意:勞拉在巴黎呆了一周多,當(dāng)她到家后,有一堆郵件在等著她。由于wait與mail之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示狀態(tài),所以用現(xiàn)在分詞,作后置定語。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語
例12 _______ the course very difficult,she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
【解析】選B。句意:由于發(fā)現(xiàn)該課程很難,她決定轉(zhuǎn)到低一水平的課程。由于非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語she之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且作原因狀語,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
例13 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _______ them.
A. to follow B. following
C. followed D. follows
【解析】選B。句意:這對(duì)老夫婦經(jīng)常在晚飯后在公園散步,他們的寵物狗跟在后面。介詞with后面的賓語pet dog與補(bǔ)足語follow構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,說明一種狀態(tài)且表示主動(dòng),因此用現(xiàn)在分詞。
(責(zé)任編校/彭益)
A. block B. to block
C. blocking D. blocked
【解析】選D。句意:當(dāng)看到道路被積雪堵塞時(shí),我們決定在家度假。非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,而且與賓語之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,構(gòu)成see sth. done結(jié)構(gòu),因此選D。
例10 Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car _______.
A. washed B. wash
C. washing D. to wash
【解析】選A。句意:在驅(qū)車進(jìn)城之前,你必須將你的車洗了。使役動(dòng)詞get后接的賓語car與作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞wash之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,構(gòu)成短語get sth. done,因此選A。
(四)現(xiàn)在分詞形式的判斷
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語
例11 Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _______ for her.
A. waited B. to wait
C. waiting D. was waiting
【解析】選C。句意:勞拉在巴黎呆了一周多,當(dāng)她到家后,有一堆郵件在等著她。由于wait與mail之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示狀態(tài),所以用現(xiàn)在分詞,作后置定語。
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語
例12 _______ the course very difficult,she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
【解析】選B。句意:由于發(fā)現(xiàn)該課程很難,她決定轉(zhuǎn)到低一水平的課程。由于非謂語動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語she之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系且作原因狀語,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
例13 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _______ them.
A. to follow B. following
C. followed D. follows
【解析】選B。句意:這對(duì)老夫婦經(jīng)常在晚飯后在公園散步,他們的寵物狗跟在后面。介詞with后面的賓語pet dog與補(bǔ)足語follow構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,說明一種狀態(tài)且表示主動(dòng),因此用現(xiàn)在分詞。
(責(zé)任編校/彭益)