信息轉(zhuǎn)換題顧名思義是難以從文章中直接地獲得,而要依據(jù)文章中話語的含義進(jìn)行反復(fù)地推敲才能獲取,這是任務(wù)型閱讀的難點(diǎn)之一,也是學(xué)生極易失分的地方。許多學(xué)生僅僅局限于從文章話語中去妄加推測(cè),常常死搬硬套地直接從文章中找出相應(yīng)的詞匯填入后面的表格中,其結(jié)果必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致失誤。如何才能正確地填詞,本文在此將學(xué)生練習(xí)中出現(xiàn)的一些信息轉(zhuǎn)換的形式加以歸納和比較,使學(xué)生能明確應(yīng)如何依據(jù)文章中的表達(dá)內(nèi)容去進(jìn)行合理的轉(zhuǎn)換。
一、相同意義短語間的轉(zhuǎn)換
在英語中有時(shí)常常會(huì)碰到一些短語的表達(dá),而這些短語又可以用其他的形式去替換,因此在解題時(shí)應(yīng)首先吃透原文中短語的意思,并對(duì)照表格中的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行合理的轉(zhuǎn)換,以確保填詞的正確性。
1. When doing the financial transaction for the sale, insist on a cash payment, or cashers check.
to a cash payment or cashers check when doing financial transaction.
該句中的關(guān)鍵短語insist on意為“堅(jiān)持”的意思,而表格中所提供的結(jié)構(gòu)則是另外的形式,因此要明確哪一個(gè)短語可以替換insist on,由表格中空格后的介詞to可知此處應(yīng)填“Stick”,從而與上句構(gòu)成意義上的一致。
2. The use of these resources cannot go on indefinitely—we would run out.
The use of these resources cant be replaced and they would be up.
原文論述了自然資源不可再生,我們將會(huì)用完。句中的關(guān)鍵短語為run out,而表格中卻換用其他表達(dá)形式,由空格后所提供給的詞匯up和前面的be可以判斷該詞應(yīng)填“used”, 與文章中的run out異曲同工。
3. Another concern is that as medical expenses increase with age, the demands of the growing aged population will eventually lead to medical schemes to face bankruptcy.
The demands of the growing aged population will eventually in the bankruptcy of medical schemes.
對(duì)照表格的設(shè)計(jì)可以看出原文中的關(guān)鍵詞為lead to,與之意義相近的短語有contribute to, result in或動(dòng)詞cause等。從表格后的空格所提供的詞匯in可以判斷此處應(yīng)填“result”才能與原文中的意義對(duì)等。
4. Finally, an important step to ensure a bright future for all is to do away with negative stereotypes that see valuable members of society only as pensioners or patients.
People should get of negative stereotypes that see valuable members of society only as pensioners or patients.
閱讀原文的句子可以知曉,其關(guān)鍵的短語是do away with意為“廢除”的意思。而表格的設(shè)計(jì)則是以get開始,并與后面的介詞of構(gòu)成了固定的短語,由此可以確定此空格應(yīng)填“rid”才能與原句的意思一脈相承。
通過上述的幾例可以看出,在英語中有許多的短語在意義上常??梢蕴鎿Q使用,而命題者也常常會(huì)把一些意義相近的短語呈現(xiàn)于任務(wù)型閱讀的設(shè)計(jì)中。因此在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)學(xué)生應(yīng)將某些意義相近的短語進(jìn)行歸納才能有備無患。如:make use of與take advantage of;take part in與participate in;be made up of與 consist of 等這些短語中的advantage,participate,consist等詞都是命題者在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)??紤]的詞匯。
二、不同結(jié)構(gòu)話語間的轉(zhuǎn)換
在任務(wù)型閱讀這類題型的文章中,作者常常會(huì)用某一句話來闡述事物的特點(diǎn)或性質(zhì),而在表格中則會(huì)以另外一種形式加以表達(dá),因此學(xué)生應(yīng)特別注意原文中某個(gè)重要的詞匯,因?yàn)樗杼畹脑~匯很可能就是對(duì)該詞的擴(kuò)展或轉(zhuǎn)換,此時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真對(duì)照原文的意思進(jìn)行反復(fù)地推敲,才能填上正確的詞匯。
1. Behavioral scientists have done countless experiments to prove that people have a tendency to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result.
Findings of experiments on profits of praise: Everybody to repeat an act if praised more often.
根據(jù)文中句子的含義可以判斷其關(guān)鍵的話語在于have a tendency,意為“有一種傾向”,而表格中只能填一個(gè)單詞,而所填的詞匯根據(jù)前面的主語Everybody可以確定應(yīng)是動(dòng)詞形式,由此可以確定應(yīng)填“tends”才能與文章中的意思吻合。這樣的填詞既考查了學(xué)生對(duì)話語的理解,也考查了學(xué)生語言運(yùn)用的能力。endprint
2. Perhaps its because few of us know how to accept praise gracefully. Instead, we are embarrassed and ignore the words we are really so glad to hear.
Reasons for unwillingness to give praise: We feel embarrassed and ignore the words pleasant to our ears than accept them gracefully.
閱讀原文的句子可以確定整個(gè)句子中的關(guān)鍵詞是Instead,而對(duì)照表格中的話語以及空格后的詞匯than可以明確是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系,因此此處應(yīng)填“rather”, 才能與上面句中的Instead一脈相承。因此在閱讀文章時(shí)應(yīng)留神某些關(guān)鍵的詞匯,做到形式與意義的一致性,才能確保其正確性。
3. A new study suggests that early exposure to germs helps make the immune system become strong.
Early exposure to germs the immune system.
根據(jù)文章句子的含義“一項(xiàng)新的研究表明早期暴露于細(xì)菌之中有利于免疫系統(tǒng)更強(qiáng)”。該句的關(guān)鍵詞匯是become strong,而表格中卻以更為簡(jiǎn)潔的形式加以論述,因此應(yīng)考慮如何才能用合適的詞匯表達(dá)出become strong的意思,而實(shí)義動(dòng)詞“strengthens”恰到好處地表達(dá)了此意。
4. You are expected to know that every step counts and that setting up goals is easy, but following them on a consistent basis is difficult.
You should be that its difficult to follow your goals consistently.
要想在該空格上填上恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯實(shí)屬不易,因?yàn)樵谠渲须y以找到與之意義相近的詞匯,因此許多學(xué)生不假思索地將原句中的counts填入空格,而由對(duì)照表格中的should be可發(fā)現(xiàn)這顯然不妥,因?yàn)榍懊媸莃e,由此可確定此處應(yīng)填形容詞,通過句中的are expected to know可判斷應(yīng)填conscious才能與之在意義上接近。
5. Official statics show that at the primary stage, there are a big number of rural students, who drop out of school because they dont have the money to pay their tuition fees.
A large number of rural primary school students have to quit school because they cant to pay for their education.
閱讀該句可知填詞的依據(jù)應(yīng)放在dont have the money to pay their tuition fees上,對(duì)照表格設(shè)計(jì)中的cant可以看出此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原型,而且要與pay their tuition fees的意思不謀而合,所以通過斟酌可以確定應(yīng)填“afford”才能與原文的句意相輔相成。
三、肯定與否定之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
有時(shí)在閱讀文章時(shí)常常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在敘述時(shí)是用的否定形式,但在表格設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)則會(huì)以肯定的形式出現(xiàn),此時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意,要明確其話語的確切含義并依據(jù)表格空格中前后的內(nèi)容加以判斷,填上與文字內(nèi)容意義一致的詞匯。
1. Dont get involved in any meaningless talk where chances to realize a dream or accomplish an aim might be missed.
Focus on a talk—have a chance to realize a dream or accomplish an aim.
閱讀原文的句子可明辨是非,原句中的關(guān)鍵詞匯是meaningless,并且用的是否定的結(jié)構(gòu),而表格的設(shè)計(jì)則是以肯定的形式出現(xiàn),因此應(yīng)考慮在meaningless上做文章,填上與之相反的詞匯meaningful,將否定轉(zhuǎn)為肯定,從而與原文在表述上保持一致性。
2. Wash your hands, but dont do it with antimicrobial soaps.
using antimicrobial soaps to wash hands.
閱讀原句可看出后半句是否定的形式,而表格的設(shè)計(jì)則采用的是肯定的結(jié)構(gòu),有學(xué)生經(jīng)過思考后填上without,從形式上看似乎說得通,但依舊呈現(xiàn)的是否定形式,因此應(yīng)從肯定的結(jié)構(gòu)上考慮,填動(dòng)詞“Avoid”既表達(dá)了意思,又呈現(xiàn)了不同的結(jié)構(gòu),可謂既得體又體現(xiàn)了句式的變化。
3. But they say its far from clear that social isolation, not loneliness, is always the real cause of increased death rate.
It was still that social isolation rather than loneliness is the real cause of higher death rate.
原句中的far from是暗含的否定意義,意為“絕非”之意,而表格的設(shè)計(jì)卻以肯定的形式出現(xiàn),因此無法再使用原句中的形容詞clear,此時(shí)應(yīng)將問題的焦點(diǎn)放在clear上,找出與其意義相反的詞匯填入空格,使句子意思相近,由此可以判斷此空格應(yīng)填“vague”或“ambiguous”最為適宜。
4. The sad reality of life is that we will continue to hear negative information, but we dont have to program it into our brains.
Your inner dialogue, which should be filled with information.
閱讀原句可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的關(guān)鍵詞為negative,意為“消極的,負(fù)面的”,而在表格的設(shè)計(jì)中卻以should be filled with為前提,固為肯定的意味,通過斟酌可以確定此處填與之意義相反的詞匯“positive”最恰當(dāng),不但在形式上相輔相成,在音韻上也起到了良好的對(duì)應(yīng)。
由以上幾方面的闡述可以看出,要想正確解任務(wù)型的信息轉(zhuǎn)換題并非易事。既要做到深刻理解文章的意思又要對(duì)照表格所提供的形式進(jìn)行反復(fù)的推敲,才能填上意義與形式相對(duì)應(yīng)的詞匯。如果僅僅是局限于文中的話語,而不能從更廣闊的視角去分析、推敲,就很容易誤填詞匯。因此在解題時(shí)要認(rèn)真梳理文章中的信息,注意文章和表格中詞匯和句子表達(dá)的差異性。對(duì)于個(gè)別特別難以填寫的詞匯要反復(fù)推敲,依據(jù)文章提供的信息進(jìn)行合理的猜測(cè),那么一切難點(diǎn)都會(huì)迎刃而解。
(作者:吳明山,江蘇省海安高級(jí)中學(xué))endprint