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解析2013年江蘇高考任務(wù)型閱讀

2014-01-02 13:02:02吳濤
中學(xué)課程輔導(dǎo)高考版·學(xué)生版 2014年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:守時(shí)表格解析

一、題型設(shè)置

江蘇省從2008年開始將對(duì)話填空改為任務(wù)型閱讀。高考《考試說明》在對(duì)“任務(wù)型閱讀”的解釋中給出了兩篇示例,表格型和樹狀型。江蘇2008年、2009年和2010年高考任務(wù)型閱讀為表格型;江蘇2011年、2012年和2013年高考任務(wù)型閱讀為樹狀型。題型要求是根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,注意每個(gè)空格只填1個(gè)單詞。雖然說明中給出的圖表形式和答題要求不同,但是我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在所給出的10個(gè)空格中,捕捉信息題(細(xì)節(jié),詞法)占5個(gè),組織信息題(語境、句法)與綜合概括題5個(gè)。因此,信息的捕捉是重點(diǎn)。此題型要求考生具有捕捉信息能力、組織信息能力和綜合概括信息的能力。閱讀是由感知、思維、推理、評(píng)價(jià)、判斷、想象和解決問題等一系列積極的心理活動(dòng)構(gòu)成的。任務(wù)型閱讀(taskbased reading)主要依賴于“形式圖式”的能力,而“內(nèi)容圖式”和“語言圖式”起輔助作用。相對(duì)傳統(tǒng)閱讀理解題型,更注重考生在語言輸入的基礎(chǔ)上加強(qiáng)語言輸出能力的考查,要求對(duì)攝取信息進(jìn)行分析、概括、整理、理解并根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行綜合運(yùn)用。只有掌握解題規(guī)律和技巧,才能逐步提高閱讀能力,快速正確地完成指定任務(wù)要求。

任務(wù)型閱讀的考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)為:信息篩選題(尋找信息),信息整合題(重組信息),信息概括題(綜合信息)三類;完成表格所要填的詞具有以下特點(diǎn):文中原詞,文中詞的詞形、詞性、詞義的變化詞,重組信息用文外的詞表述同一意義的詞,以及常見的歸納、概括詞。常見的表示概括性的詞匯有:

1.表示意義的significance;2.表示類別的type,kind,sort;3.表示影響的effect,influence;4.表示功能作用的function,use;5.表示主題的topic,title,theme;6.表示目的的purpose,aim,goal;7.表示結(jié)果的result,consequence;8.表示重要性的importance,value;9.表示特征的feature,characteristic;10.表示贊成和反對(duì)的pros and cons;11.表示異同的similarity,difference;12.表示原因的cause (of),reason (for);13.表示評(píng)述的comment,assessment;14.表示利弊的advantage,disadvantage;15.表示地點(diǎn)的place,location,where (ver);16.表示過程的process,procedure,routine;17.表示概括的summary,outline,conclusion;18.表示建議的suggestion (for / about / on),tip (of / on),advice (on);19.表示觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的opinion (of),view (on / about),attitude (to / towards);20.表示簡介某個(gè)現(xiàn)象或問題brief / general introduction,phenomenon,problem;21.表示方法的way (of + 名詞 / doing / to do sth.),method (of + 名詞),means (of + 名詞),approach (to + 名詞)。

在復(fù)習(xí)過程中,速記這類詞匯對(duì)我們解決這類概括性的問題非常有好處。

二、解題步驟

1. 略讀

理解文章大意是做題的第一步,也是關(guān)鍵的一步。因此,要快速瀏覽全文,尤其是每段的第一句話,即Topic sentence和首尾段落,理清文章的寫作思路和基本結(jié)構(gòu),以便加深對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的了解。同時(shí),文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往也是很重要的設(shè)題線索。表格項(xiàng)目可能就是根據(jù)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)而設(shè)計(jì)的。只有讀懂了文章,才能順利地在表格中填出相應(yīng)的信息。

2. 掃讀

掃讀圖表,分析表格結(jié)構(gòu),理清其顯示的層次關(guān)系,準(zhǔn)確定位其考查要求。要特別注意表格前的小標(biāo)題,它通常就是段落和表格的主題句。讀懂了表格標(biāo)題有助于理解短文及表格的大意,了解表格結(jié)構(gòu)和題目的設(shè)置。如捕捉信息題可以去文中查讀,其他問題則需要對(duì)信息進(jìn)行加工處理。一般題目的結(jié)構(gòu)是:① 全文的標(biāo)題。在標(biāo)題中缺少一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,根據(jù)文章填出所缺的關(guān)鍵詞。② 各段大意。試題中給出各段大意,在給出的信息中缺少一些關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容,考生把文章的各段對(duì)應(yīng)起來,找準(zhǔn)信息。③ 對(duì)各段大意的詳細(xì)的闡述。從文章各段或分散在全文的對(duì)應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)出發(fā),這要求學(xué)生有高度駕馭語篇的能力,在文章中找到準(zhǔn)確的信息完成填空。

3. 精讀

深入理解文章內(nèi)容,精讀與空格中要填的信息有關(guān)的文段,尋找確定答案的關(guān)鍵詞語,或從文中進(jìn)行概括,同時(shí)仔細(xì)斟酌用詞,確保填的是最恰當(dāng)詞的最恰當(dāng)形式。如填寫時(shí)要注意所填單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式,看是否與表格中所給的格式相同,同時(shí)注意單詞的拼寫、短語的搭配、所填詞匯的詞性、語法,所填單詞是否符合題目要求,還要注意字母的大小寫。

4.復(fù)查

通觀全篇文章,務(wù)必再仔細(xì)核對(duì)文章和任務(wù),確保準(zhǔn)確性。

三、解題技巧

1.獲取信息:信息的理解;文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和層次等。

2.處理信息:信息的分層:時(shí)間順序;空間順序;邏輯層次;共性與差異等。

3.加工信息:信息的分類:事物的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、要求等;問題的原因、解決方法、行為動(dòng)機(jī);就某事出現(xiàn)的多種觀點(diǎn)、看法以及建議;作者的寫作態(tài)度和目的等。

4.應(yīng)用信息:(1)詞性的一致:名詞性表達(dá)、動(dòng)詞性表達(dá)、形容詞性表達(dá)等;(2)詞形的正確使用:名詞的性、數(shù)、格;動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞;形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)等;(3)詞和短語的靈活運(yùn)用。

1) 前綴和后綴:He was not fit for his job. / He was unfit for his job.endprint

After that many people lost their houses. / After that many people became homeless.

2) 同義詞和反義詞:Most people are for the project. / Most people are against the project.

Most people are in favor of the proposal. / Most people oppose the proposal.

3) 常用句型:It is said that he is honest. / He is said to be honest.

She spends an hour working out every morning. / It takes her an hour to work out every morning.

4) 詞語搭配:He saw something strange over there. / He caught sight of something strange over there.

Xi Jin Ping visited Europe last month. / Xi Jin Ping paid a visit to Europe last month.

四、高考真題和解析

1.高考真題(2013年江蘇卷)

第四部分:任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題;每小題1分,滿分10分) 請認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。

Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious

The everyday signs of conscientiousness (認(rèn)真盡責(zé))—being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous (一絲不茍的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. Its the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.

Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semiskilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (緩沖) against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.endprint

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自發(fā)性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

【語篇解讀】 任務(wù)型讀寫主要考查考生對(duì)文中有效信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合和綜合概況的能力。要求考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)閱讀信息進(jìn)行一次加工,歸納要點(diǎn),整合零碎信息,并以表格的形式把加工后的信息準(zhǔn)確、有序地表達(dá)出來。本文是一篇說明文。通常來說,盡職盡責(zé)是一個(gè)很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn):工作認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé),守時(shí)自律,幫助別人等等,但同時(shí)也有它的缺點(diǎn),如阻礙創(chuàng)造性,對(duì)同事要求過嚴(yán)而影響關(guān)系等。

71.答案:strict. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。第一段中講述的盡心盡責(zé)的人的特點(diǎn):being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous (一絲不茍) in attending to responsibilities. 他們守時(shí),工作中細(xì)心、自律,一絲不茍,這些都說明他們對(duì)自己要求很嚴(yán)格。

72.答案:helpful / good. 解析:信息轉(zhuǎn)換題。第一段中的Its the conscientious worker who “helps” newcomers or updates people... 說明,盡職盡責(zé)的人對(duì)別人是helpful或者good。

73.答案:Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。文章的第2、3、4段講述了盡職盡責(zé)的好處和重要性。

74.答案:running / working / going / operating / functioning. 解析:由首段的the people who keep things running as they should 可知答案。

75.答案:performance (s). 解析:直接信息題。從第二段中的In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs... 可知答案。

76.答案:fired / dismissed / jobless. 解析:信息轉(zhuǎn)換題。從第三段的Consciousness also offers a buffer(緩沖)against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market.可知他們不容易失去工作,轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,即可得到答案。

77.答案:problems / troubles. 解析:直接信息題。從第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。

78.答案:higher / subjective / unfair / unjust / prejudiced. 解析:直接信息題。從第四段的giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of... 可知答案。

79.答案:tense / damaged / poor / bad. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。由第五段中的...overly judgmental..., tended to criticize coworkers... 可知,他們對(duì)同事苛刻,可能更容易批評(píng)同事,從而造成關(guān)系緊張。

80.答案:discourage / affect / damage. 解析:直接信息題。由第六段的it can discourage creativity可知答案。

(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級(jí)中學(xué))endprint

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自發(fā)性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

【語篇解讀】 任務(wù)型讀寫主要考查考生對(duì)文中有效信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合和綜合概況的能力。要求考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)閱讀信息進(jìn)行一次加工,歸納要點(diǎn),整合零碎信息,并以表格的形式把加工后的信息準(zhǔn)確、有序地表達(dá)出來。本文是一篇說明文。通常來說,盡職盡責(zé)是一個(gè)很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn):工作認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé),守時(shí)自律,幫助別人等等,但同時(shí)也有它的缺點(diǎn),如阻礙創(chuàng)造性,對(duì)同事要求過嚴(yán)而影響關(guān)系等。

71.答案:strict. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。第一段中講述的盡心盡責(zé)的人的特點(diǎn):being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous (一絲不茍) in attending to responsibilities. 他們守時(shí),工作中細(xì)心、自律,一絲不茍,這些都說明他們對(duì)自己要求很嚴(yán)格。

72.答案:helpful / good. 解析:信息轉(zhuǎn)換題。第一段中的Its the conscientious worker who “helps” newcomers or updates people... 說明,盡職盡責(zé)的人對(duì)別人是helpful或者good。

73.答案:Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。文章的第2、3、4段講述了盡職盡責(zé)的好處和重要性。

74.答案:running / working / going / operating / functioning. 解析:由首段的the people who keep things running as they should 可知答案。

75.答案:performance (s). 解析:直接信息題。從第二段中的In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs... 可知答案。

76.答案:fired / dismissed / jobless. 解析:信息轉(zhuǎn)換題。從第三段的Consciousness also offers a buffer(緩沖)against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market.可知他們不容易失去工作,轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,即可得到答案。

77.答案:problems / troubles. 解析:直接信息題。從第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。

78.答案:higher / subjective / unfair / unjust / prejudiced. 解析:直接信息題。從第四段的giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of... 可知答案。

79.答案:tense / damaged / poor / bad. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。由第五段中的...overly judgmental..., tended to criticize coworkers... 可知,他們對(duì)同事苛刻,可能更容易批評(píng)同事,從而造成關(guān)系緊張。

80.答案:discourage / affect / damage. 解析:直接信息題。由第六段的it can discourage creativity可知答案。

(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級(jí)中學(xué))endprint

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自發(fā)性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

【語篇解讀】 任務(wù)型讀寫主要考查考生對(duì)文中有效信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合和綜合概況的能力。要求考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)閱讀信息進(jìn)行一次加工,歸納要點(diǎn),整合零碎信息,并以表格的形式把加工后的信息準(zhǔn)確、有序地表達(dá)出來。本文是一篇說明文。通常來說,盡職盡責(zé)是一個(gè)很大的優(yōu)點(diǎn):工作認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé),守時(shí)自律,幫助別人等等,但同時(shí)也有它的缺點(diǎn),如阻礙創(chuàng)造性,對(duì)同事要求過嚴(yán)而影響關(guān)系等。

71.答案:strict. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。第一段中講述的盡心盡責(zé)的人的特點(diǎn):being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous (一絲不茍) in attending to responsibilities. 他們守時(shí),工作中細(xì)心、自律,一絲不茍,這些都說明他們對(duì)自己要求很嚴(yán)格。

72.答案:helpful / good. 解析:信息轉(zhuǎn)換題。第一段中的Its the conscientious worker who “helps” newcomers or updates people... 說明,盡職盡責(zé)的人對(duì)別人是helpful或者good。

73.答案:Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。文章的第2、3、4段講述了盡職盡責(zé)的好處和重要性。

74.答案:running / working / going / operating / functioning. 解析:由首段的the people who keep things running as they should 可知答案。

75.答案:performance (s). 解析:直接信息題。從第二段中的In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs... 可知答案。

76.答案:fired / dismissed / jobless. 解析:信息轉(zhuǎn)換題。從第三段的Consciousness also offers a buffer(緩沖)against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market.可知他們不容易失去工作,轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,即可得到答案。

77.答案:problems / troubles. 解析:直接信息題。從第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。

78.答案:higher / subjective / unfair / unjust / prejudiced. 解析:直接信息題。從第四段的giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of... 可知答案。

79.答案:tense / damaged / poor / bad. 解析:歸納總結(jié)題。由第五段中的...overly judgmental..., tended to criticize coworkers... 可知,他們對(duì)同事苛刻,可能更容易批評(píng)同事,從而造成關(guān)系緊張。

80.答案:discourage / affect / damage. 解析:直接信息題。由第六段的it can discourage creativity可知答案。

(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級(jí)中學(xué))endprint

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