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盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)—兼論華北和塔里木地區(qū)研究實(shí)例①

2013-11-13 02:36:00徐建強(qiáng)
沉積學(xué)報(bào) 2013年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:造山碎屑物源

李 忠 徐建強(qiáng) 高 劍

(中國(guó)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所 北京 100029)

0 引言

山脈和盆地是沉積地殼演化的兩個(gè)端員產(chǎn)物或兩個(gè)基本地理—地質(zhì)單元,又是一個(gè)密切關(guān)聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)或有機(jī)整體。正因?yàn)槿绱耍暾某练e盆地動(dòng)力學(xué)研究必須基于巖石圈尺度上的盆山系統(tǒng)分析,探索盆地演化、造山作用與深部過程三者之間的耦合關(guān)系已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代地球動(dòng)力學(xué)研究的前沿領(lǐng)域[1~13]。近年來,特別是地震以及綜合地球物理探測(cè)技術(shù)、同位素地球化學(xué)與年代學(xué)測(cè)試技術(shù)、以及計(jì)算技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,盆山系統(tǒng)的學(xué)科研究在新的層面上呈現(xiàn)出勃勃生機(jī)。另一方面沉積(充填)記錄不僅在表征盆地形成演化,而且在重建造山帶形成—改造過程方面具有獨(dú)特性,因此沉積學(xué)成為研究盆山系統(tǒng)的重要基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科之一,也是盆山系統(tǒng)分析中極為活躍的領(lǐng)域。在慶?!冻练e學(xué)報(bào)》創(chuàng)刊30周年暨第五屆全國(guó)沉積學(xué)大會(huì)召開之際,應(yīng)邀撰寫此文,一則希望結(jié)合近期國(guó)內(nèi)外研究進(jìn)展對(duì)盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的研究體系作一探討和梳理,二則試圖以作者研究的部分實(shí)例為基礎(chǔ)分析盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的重要科學(xué)問題及發(fā)展趨向。

1 盆山系統(tǒng)研究趨勢(shì)與盆山系統(tǒng)類型

盆山系統(tǒng)是指任一地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期具有成因關(guān)聯(lián)的山脈和盆地構(gòu)成的有機(jī)整體,即大型隆起剝蝕區(qū)與沉降充填區(qū)在構(gòu)造、沉積和深部結(jié)構(gòu)上的關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng),它們往往可以通過盆山之間物質(zhì)、能量和動(dòng)量的輸運(yùn)和相互作用進(jìn)一步加以刻畫;換句話說,盆山系統(tǒng)可以通過構(gòu)造、沉積、流體、深部巖石圈演化等領(lǐng)域開展研究。

盆山系統(tǒng)分析自上世紀(jì)90年代開始進(jìn)入第一個(gè)高 潮。 以 北 美 Sevier 沖 斷 帶[14~16]、歐 洲 Alps山[17~20]、亞洲的喜馬拉雅山[21~24]為代表,多學(xué)科的盆山系統(tǒng)研究獲得了極大的成功。值得一提的是,國(guó)際巖石圈計(jì)劃(ILP)“沉積盆地成因”任務(wù)組曾對(duì)板塊構(gòu)造環(huán)境、地殼結(jié)構(gòu)、地幔結(jié)構(gòu)、巖石圈有效彈性厚度和屈服剛度包絡(luò)面與沉積盆地形成演化的控制關(guān)系開展了多領(lǐng)域、多尺度的專題研究[2,4,25~31],在應(yīng)力與盆地演化、巖石圈流變與盆地形成、巖石圈深部過程的近地表顯示等領(lǐng)域開展了廣泛的國(guó)際合作,突現(xiàn)了多學(xué)科多方位開展盆山耦合研究的重要性與必要性[11]。在此期間我國(guó)學(xué)者追蹤國(guó)際對(duì)比研究計(jì)劃,也分別在華南[32]、青藏[33,34]、昆侖山[35,36]、秦嶺[37]、大別山[38~40]、燕山[41~43]、龍門山[44]以及天山[45~48]等地區(qū)開展了盆山特別是陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)研究,成果顯著。

近十年來借助高精度地球物理探測(cè)技術(shù)、同位素地球化學(xué)與(低溫)熱年代學(xué)測(cè)試技術(shù)以及計(jì)算技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,盆山系統(tǒng)分析進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展階段,其研究進(jìn)展主要體現(xiàn)在不同盆山結(jié)合帶的精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)刻畫、高精度綜合物源體系解析和重建、多參數(shù)定量約束山—盆隆凹?xì)v史、盆山演化定量數(shù)值模擬等方面[49~51],學(xué)科研究呈現(xiàn)出勃勃生機(jī)。除定量數(shù)值模擬外,我國(guó)學(xué)者的盆山系統(tǒng)工作也比較全面地登上國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)舞臺(tái)或呈現(xiàn)全新的發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì),這其中在青藏高原及鄰區(qū)、塔里木盆地及鄰區(qū)、華北盆地及鄰區(qū)、四川盆地及鄰區(qū)等盆山系統(tǒng)的研究成果尤其值得關(guān)注(參見文獻(xiàn)[52])。

回顧國(guó)內(nèi)外研究歷程,可以看到以往對(duì)盆地和造山帶比較成熟的理論認(rèn)識(shí)主要來自于各自獨(dú)立的研究體系,而上世紀(jì)90年代開始的盆山相互作用或耦合(體系)分析,在一定程度上改變了這一現(xiàn)狀。這種改變或其后效突出表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面:其一,造山帶形成演化除了對(duì)造山帶本身分析外還可以從相鄰盆地中獲得其他沉積充填記錄的約束信息;其二,盆地形成演化除了對(duì)盆地本身研究外還可以從相鄰造山帶中獲得其他動(dòng)力學(xué)約束信息;其三,盆山系統(tǒng)可以作為一種新的地質(zhì)單元或整體進(jìn)行研究。

盡管如此,迄今為止尚無(wú)完整或確切的盆山系統(tǒng)分類提出。西方學(xué)者關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)是巖石圈尺度、板塊構(gòu)造或大陸構(gòu)造體制下的盆山關(guān)系或相互作用問題,如以盆地研究和板塊構(gòu)造的結(jié)合為主線劃分出離散、匯聚、轉(zhuǎn)換、板內(nèi)、復(fù)合(hybrid)類型[1];結(jié)合造山—造盆作用與板塊構(gòu)造位置可以歸為陸島、洋島、陸—陸和陸—弧體系[53];我國(guó)學(xué)者也以盆地研究體系[54]為主線劃分出沖斷造山帶與前陸盆地、伸展山嶺與裂陷盆地、走滑造山帶與走滑盆地等三類盆—嶺耦合體系[55];而根據(jù)構(gòu)造應(yīng)力體制還分出了引張、擠壓、走滑引張、走滑擠壓、垂直應(yīng)力和沖擊等6種盆山耦合類型[56]。

鑒于盆—山在構(gòu)造和沉積演化屬性上的不可分割性,筆者認(rèn)為盆山系統(tǒng)分類應(yīng)綜合考慮如下三原則:①板塊構(gòu)造單元(位置);②盆山形成演化的構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)體制;③構(gòu)造—古地理特征或區(qū)域源—匯構(gòu)造—沉積屬性。為此本文綜合給出了表1的盆山系統(tǒng)分類,并概括了十四個(gè)亞類的源—匯基本特征,供討論。其中陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)和洋內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)總體以近源或中—近源沉積體系(域)為特征,而陸緣(陸洋)盆山系統(tǒng)比較復(fù)雜,近源和遠(yuǎn)源沉積體系(域)均有發(fā)育。

2 盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的主要研究體系

盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)是以研究盆山系統(tǒng)為主要任務(wù)的沉積學(xué)分支,其科學(xué)內(nèi)涵有二:其一,通過沉積作用分析,將山脈和盆地兩個(gè)沉積地殼演化的端員產(chǎn)物合二為一;其二,理論上盆地充填產(chǎn)物是反映盆山演化最連續(xù)、最敏感的地質(zhì)記錄。近年來的盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)已經(jīng)具有綜合學(xué)科的地位或發(fā)展趨勢(shì),其研究體系一般由如下五個(gè)部分構(gòu)成:構(gòu)造—地層單元與等時(shí)地層格架、物源示蹤與源匯體系、綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變、沉積體系(域)與綜合構(gòu)造—古地理、盆山演化動(dòng)力學(xué)。

表1 盆山系統(tǒng)分類Table 1 Basin-range system classification

2.1 構(gòu)造—地層單元與等時(shí)地層格架

構(gòu)造—地層單元與等時(shí)地層格架是盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)之一,但構(gòu)造活動(dòng)區(qū)和穩(wěn)定區(qū)的沉積面貌迥異,研究?jī)?nèi)容各有特色。研究目標(biāo)就是要?jiǎng)澐謽?gòu)造—地層單元、厘定各單元中巖石地層單元的年代界限,特別是在盆地井下及鄰區(qū)造山帶構(gòu)建沉積對(duì)比方案,客觀認(rèn)識(shí)沉積的序列、環(huán)境演變和結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,以期正確對(duì)比盆山等時(shí)地層沉積記錄;另一方面就是要開展沉積地層與海平面變化對(duì)比,為識(shí)別沉積序列、層序格架的構(gòu)造控制作用及其與物源供給、氣候和造山過程的相互關(guān)系奠定時(shí)空基礎(chǔ)。

對(duì)于構(gòu)造穩(wěn)定區(qū),除了傳統(tǒng)的生物地層以外,等時(shí)地層格架的建立應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮同位素年代地層、磁性地層與地震剖面解析的結(jié)合,這在陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)陸相紅色地層研究中尤其重要。

由于同生期構(gòu)造混雜和/或后期構(gòu)造疊加作用,大多數(shù)造山帶(構(gòu)造活動(dòng)區(qū))地層剖面只能保留其演化的某些片段或者說難于辨認(rèn)其原始的沉積序列,因此成為造山帶沉積學(xué)研究的難題。特別是針對(duì)非史密斯地層這個(gè)問題,以往國(guó)內(nèi)外均開展了大量研究,并逐步取得了多方面認(rèn)識(shí)進(jìn)展[57~70]。一個(gè)有效的方法就是借助精細(xì)的地層古生物(如牙形石)研究,并結(jié)合構(gòu)造幾何學(xué)的歸位分析和相序分析,在正常片段恢復(fù)基礎(chǔ)上,建立比較長(zhǎng)尺度的年代地層和沉積序列。當(dāng)然由于造山帶地層(特別是混雜巖區(qū))的多樣性和構(gòu)造單元的復(fù)雜性,其研究難度和工作量巨大,對(duì)諸多造山帶沉積序列的認(rèn)識(shí)仍然問題重重,因此需要長(zhǎng)期不懈的探索。

2.2 物源示蹤與源匯體系

物源示蹤與源匯體系是盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)之二。碎屑沉積是沉積記錄的重要組成部分,而碎屑物源示蹤是銜接盆—山轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)鍵,其中蘊(yùn)涵著大量的造山帶演化的地球動(dòng)力學(xué)信息:①通過系統(tǒng)的碎屑礦物(重、輕礦物)、礫石的年代學(xué)譜系和地球化學(xué)分析,恢復(fù)和重建造山帶的源區(qū)類型、年代與巖石構(gòu)成[71~73];②開展高分辨率重礦物分析(HRHMA),即通過穩(wěn)定碎屑重礦物的標(biāo)型特征、年代學(xué)和微區(qū)地球化學(xué)分析及其詳細(xì)的物源示蹤,可以厘定較為精確的造山帶塊體組成、構(gòu)造框架與演化細(xì)節(jié)[74~81];③碎屑熱年代學(xué)研究,特別是結(jié)晶巖礫石中不同礦物(具有不同封閉溫度)的熱年代學(xué)、鋯石等碎屑礦物裂變徑跡的研究,為揭示山帶隆升和剝蝕速率,認(rèn)識(shí)古地貌演化與盆山構(gòu)造關(guān)系提供了獨(dú)特的定量信息[80,82~87];④做為源區(qū)類型、年代與巖石構(gòu)造屬性的主要定量判別分析手段,碎屑沉積巖巖石地球化學(xué)的配套參數(shù),特別是微量、稀土元素和釹同位素模式年齡的分析與示蹤近年來也得到廣泛應(yīng)用[79,88~94]。上述通過物源示蹤識(shí)別源匯體系的研究已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的熱點(diǎn)。

盡管如此,由于碎屑成因的復(fù)雜性,因此對(duì)碎屑沉積記錄中地球動(dòng)力學(xué)信息的提取和解釋尚面臨諸多難題,特別是在微量樣品的分離、對(duì)比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的選擇和數(shù)值校正、復(fù)雜因素的分析和厘定方面。

2.3 綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變

綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變是盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)之三。綜合沉積記錄包括沉積剖面(柱)中的顏色、巖性、巖相、古生物組合及生物相物源巖石與構(gòu)造屬性、各類碎屑組合與特征元素—同位素及化合物地球化學(xué)參數(shù)等指標(biāo)及其對(duì)古構(gòu)造—古氣候的指示含義。

基本研究思路通過建立有年代學(xué)資料限定的綜合沉積記錄,提取古構(gòu)造—古氣候指標(biāo),建立綜合沉積剖面,對(duì)比分析盆地充填與山帶隆升—?jiǎng)兟哆^程及其區(qū)域變化,厘定高分辨率碎屑組構(gòu)及其主控因素;結(jié)合相關(guān)地質(zhì)、地球化學(xué)和地球物理資料,綜合分析盆山分異與構(gòu)造—沉積響應(yīng)過程,深入探索構(gòu)造變形、氣候分異與山—盆演化的地球動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)理,并借此闡明盆山構(gòu)造類型和沉積充填模式,以及構(gòu)造疊加改造特征。應(yīng)該指出,近年來氣候分異對(duì)前第四紀(jì)沉積記錄及盆山演變的驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)理已經(jīng)受到愈來愈多的關(guān)注[50~52]。

2.4 沉積體系(域)與綜合構(gòu)造—古地理

沉積體系(域)與綜合構(gòu)造—古地理是盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的學(xué)科核心。在認(rèn)識(shí)構(gòu)造—地層單元與等時(shí)地層格架、物源示蹤與源匯體系、綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變的基礎(chǔ)上,解析沉積體系(域),結(jié)合相關(guān)地質(zhì)、地球化學(xué)和地球物理資料重建構(gòu)造—古地理。理論上,盆山構(gòu)造類型往往存在空間分異,因此古地理變革復(fù)雜多變。對(duì)此該研究將特別注重考察時(shí)間(變革前后)和空間(分段)的不同,著眼于分析不同單元源—匯體系、沉積體系及其區(qū)域古地理的演變特征。與洋—陸轉(zhuǎn)換、盆—山轉(zhuǎn)換有關(guān)的沉積體系與古地理格架是研究的核心內(nèi)容。研究難點(diǎn)顯然是關(guān)鍵構(gòu)造變革期前后等時(shí)單元的選取和古地理重建。因此,重要構(gòu)造層界面劃分與屬性分析、古物源—古地勢(shì)結(jié)合分析尤為重要。

與穩(wěn)定區(qū)古地理的重建不一樣,造山帶古地理必須更多地與構(gòu)造地質(zhì)密切結(jié)合,并關(guān)注一些極端的沉積作用分析和環(huán)境恢復(fù),如深水沉積[95~98]、大洋和火山沉積[99,100]、俯沖帶混雜堆積等[58,101,102]。顯然,由于造山帶構(gòu)造的活動(dòng)性和體制演變的復(fù)雜性,加之認(rèn)識(shí)程度限制,造山帶沉積建造研究常常出現(xiàn)對(duì)已有沉積古地理模式的挑戰(zhàn)。因此相關(guān)研究必須采用活動(dòng)論思想,在多學(xué)科(構(gòu)造、沉積、古生物、古地磁、火山巖、地球化學(xué)等)分析基礎(chǔ)上,重建構(gòu)造—古地理。

2.5 盆山演化動(dòng)力學(xué)

盆山演化動(dòng)力學(xué)是盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的學(xué)科目標(biāo)。構(gòu)造變革、盆山轉(zhuǎn)換和物源變遷、海平面變化等對(duì)沉積古地理展布和演化具有重要制約作用。因此,研究旨在沉積序列、源匯—沉積體系以及區(qū)域古地理演變分析基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合該區(qū)地質(zhì)、地球化學(xué)與地球物理等方面資料,解析原型盆地和造山作用,揭示隆凹速率和/或剝露—充填速率,重建盆山或洋陸轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)鍵過程,并探索其構(gòu)造演化的動(dòng)力學(xué)模式。值得一提的是,數(shù)值模擬已經(jīng)或正在成為定量解析和重建盆山或洋陸轉(zhuǎn)換動(dòng)力學(xué)過程[7,49~51]的熱點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域。

上述五個(gè)方面內(nèi)容構(gòu)成了盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)研究體系。值得一提的是,盆地是油氣、煤、層控礦床等資源賦存的重要場(chǎng)所,也是人類棲息的主要空間,因此盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)在完整認(rèn)識(shí)沉積—成巖型資源形成分布和環(huán)境演變等諸多領(lǐng)域具有廣泛應(yīng)用前景,也衍生出了一系列應(yīng)用研究分支,如研究烴源巖、儲(chǔ)集體、泥炭沼澤、層控礦床水文—?dú)夂颦h(huán)境系統(tǒng)與構(gòu)造—古地理演變的關(guān)系等等,在此從略。

3 盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)研究實(shí)例

伴隨古亞洲、特提斯和太平洋三大構(gòu)造域的演化和相互作用,中國(guó)大陸由華北、揚(yáng)子、塔里木、華夏等古陸經(jīng)歷多旋回裂解—拼合而成,并在此過程中發(fā)育和保存有諸多盆山系統(tǒng)。在中國(guó)北方,圍繞大興安嶺、太行山、燕山—陰山、魯西隆起、大別山、賀蘭山、秦嶺、祁連山、北山、天山、阿勒泰、昆侖山、阿爾金山等山系,圍繞松遼、華北、渤海灣、周口—合肥、鄂爾多斯、南襄、走廊—阿拉善、柴達(dá)木、塔里木、準(zhǔn)噶爾等盆地,也發(fā)育了一系列不同時(shí)代、不同類型、豐富多彩的盆山系統(tǒng),是全球盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)重要的研究場(chǎng)所[52]。

前已述及,自1990年代初期開始國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者有計(jì)劃地開展了中國(guó)大陸盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的研究[32,38,45,103~107],并已積累了不同程度的分析資料,提升了相關(guān)盆山系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)知程度;然而,國(guó)內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)的沉積學(xué)研究總體仍然處于初期階段。近年來筆者對(duì)中國(guó)北方幾個(gè)盆山系統(tǒng)開展了沉積學(xué)研究,尤其在物源示蹤與源匯體系、綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造演變方面加強(qiáng)了工作,以求推進(jìn)沉積體系(域)與綜合構(gòu)造—古地理、盆山演化成因動(dòng)力學(xué)的研究進(jìn)程。以下遴選華北、西北地區(qū)兩個(gè)實(shí)例簡(jiǎn)要討論有關(guān)研究進(jìn)展及關(guān)鍵問題。

3.1 華北東部地區(qū)侏羅—白堊紀(jì)陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵沉積記錄

華北地區(qū)侏羅—白堊紀(jì)盆山系統(tǒng)是典型陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng),因此也是近年來大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)。華北侏羅—白堊紀(jì)盆山系統(tǒng)的形成與北緣晚古生代至早中生代興—蒙造山作用、南緣早中生代大別—蘇魯造山作用和北部中生代燕山造山作用息息相關(guān)。以往研究表明[108~112],早中生代盆山系統(tǒng)構(gòu)造以東西向?yàn)橹?,晚中生代—新生代巖石圈減薄或破壞對(duì)北東—北北東向盆—嶺構(gòu)造的形成演化產(chǎn)生了重要影響。然而,對(duì)于這一構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)折的盆山沉積演化細(xì)節(jié)(特別是侏羅紀(jì))卻知之甚少,長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)論頗多。為此,筆者等針對(duì)性開展了就華北東部地區(qū)(燕山、大別山、魯西隆起和合肥盆地等)侏羅—白堊紀(jì)陸內(nèi)盆山沉積學(xué)分析。其中針對(duì)處于關(guān)鍵部位、爭(zhēng)議極大的華北中東部魯西隆起中生代沉積記錄,重點(diǎn)開展了侏羅系和下白堊統(tǒng)連續(xù)砂巖樣品的碎屑物源示蹤與源匯體系、綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古地理演變分析。

通過魯西地區(qū)下—中侏羅統(tǒng)坊子組、中—上侏羅統(tǒng)三臺(tái)組和下白堊統(tǒng)分水嶺組沖積平原相、河流—三角洲相比較連續(xù)的砂巖碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡和Hf同位素分析顯示(圖1a),U-Pb年齡中的古元古代-新太古代年齡與華北北緣出露基底年齡特征一致,顯生宙年齡(252~393 Ma)記錄的晚古生代巖漿活動(dòng)均未發(fā)現(xiàn)于魯西隆起及其鄰近地區(qū),而可以與大量出露于華北北緣及其北部的興—蒙造山帶的巖漿活動(dòng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。上述砂巖中相當(dāng)部分(40%以上)的顯生宙碎屑鋯石(150~324 Ma)具有正的εHf(t)值同位素特征,也與興—蒙造山帶特征相似。而A型石榴石(原始數(shù)據(jù)見文獻(xiàn)[113],在此從略)在坊子組向三臺(tái)組、分水嶺組沉積的演化過程中較明顯的增強(qiáng)趨勢(shì),也指示源區(qū)華北北緣地勢(shì)隆升增強(qiáng),深部基底麻粒巖被更多的剝露出來。另一方面,碎屑鋯石無(wú)新元古代和中—晚三疊世超高壓變質(zhì)年齡,說明侏羅紀(jì)—早白堊世早期研究區(qū)與揚(yáng)子板塊及魯西隆起東南部的蘇魯造山帶物源無(wú)明顯關(guān)系。

圖1 魯西地區(qū)碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡與εHf(t)值散點(diǎn)圖(a~c)及對(duì)應(yīng)樣品采集剖面(d)Fig.1 A scatter diagram(a ~ c)showing U-Pb ages versus εHf(t)values of detrital zircons in Luxi area,which sampling horizons are marked in(d)

與上述不同,青山組扇三角洲和湖泊相砂巖樣品碎屑鋯石的顯生宙年齡主要由早白堊世年齡組成,其εHf(t)值都為負(fù)值(圖1b,c);但該組樣品同樣也不存在表征揚(yáng)子板塊及蘇魯造山帶的新元古代和中—晚三疊世年齡??紤]該時(shí)期近源沉積的環(huán)境特點(diǎn)[114],并結(jié)合碎屑石榴石化學(xué)成分分析資料(原始數(shù)據(jù)見文獻(xiàn)[113],在此從略)對(duì)高級(jí)變基性巖和高級(jí)麻粒巖相副變質(zhì)巖物源的指示,可以厘定青山組最主要的物源應(yīng)來自華北克拉通內(nèi)部或魯西等周緣地區(qū)。

圖2 華北東部中生代中晚期構(gòu)造—古地理演化(據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[114,115]修編)Fig.2 The middle-late Mesozoic tectonic-paleogeographicevolution of eastern North China block(modified after references[114,115])

這一研究表明,西伯利亞板塊與華北—蒙古聯(lián)合塊體的碰撞隆升增強(qiáng),逐漸形成相對(duì)華北克拉通內(nèi)部的高地勢(shì),是該區(qū)侏羅紀(jì)—早白堊世早期(約136 Ma前)最顯著的山—盆系統(tǒng),即華北北緣的高地勢(shì)導(dǎo)致大量的剝蝕產(chǎn)物向南“梯級(jí)”輸運(yùn),并成為包括魯西在內(nèi)的華北克拉通內(nèi)部主要碎屑物源的供給體系(圖2)。此外蘇魯造山帶碎屑物源直到白堊紀(jì)早期也未向西越過郯廬帶而影響華北克拉通東部地區(qū)。這些研究結(jié)論完善或修訂了前人有關(guān)燕山構(gòu)造隆升轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)限[116]、華北東部中生代中晚期“高原”存在與否[117,118]、中生代盆地和造山構(gòu)造類型[119]等問題的認(rèn)識(shí),為構(gòu)造—古地理重建提供了新的沉積學(xué)依據(jù)。

3.2 塔里木地區(qū)泥盆—石炭紀(jì)陸緣(陸洋)盆山系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵沉積記錄

對(duì)于塔里木盆地與北側(cè)天山造山帶所構(gòu)成的巨型盆山體系,以往的研究業(yè)已認(rèn)識(shí)到它是晚古生代多微板塊拼合和增生作用[104,120~127]及其后中—新生代多期陸內(nèi)造山作用[47,84,86,104,128~132]的結(jié)果。主要基于巖漿—變質(zhì)巖、構(gòu)造及地層解析等不同學(xué)科研究,目前南天山洋最后閉合—碰撞造山時(shí)間有多種不同觀點(diǎn),即:晚泥盆—早石炭世、早—晚石炭世、中—晚二疊世、早—中三疊世等,而南天山洋閉合的俯沖極性則存在向南和向北兩種完全對(duì)立的認(rèn)識(shí)和不同的構(gòu)造模式[133~142]。為此需要深入補(bǔ)充或加強(qiáng)對(duì)構(gòu)造演化具有敏感指示的塔里木北緣和南天山泥盆—石炭紀(jì)沉積記錄暨陸緣(陸洋)盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)的研究。

圖3 南天山及周緣構(gòu)造格架與研究剖面位置Fig.3 Tectonic configuration of South Tianshan and its adjacent area,in which the studied profiles are labeled

南天山洋盆的早期記錄賦存于構(gòu)造混雜帶或其支離破碎的“巖片”剖面之中(圖3),因此厘定構(gòu)造活動(dòng)區(qū)南天山泥盆—石炭紀(jì)生物組合(特別是放射蟲)記錄的時(shí)空分異與地層格架是本研究的難題和重要基礎(chǔ)之一。綜合前人及作者的資料,特別是基于對(duì)混雜堆積中微體化石資料和巖石地層單元(或巖片)的解析,圖4概括了南天山年代地層分析結(jié)果,顯示放射蟲發(fā)育層位主體集中于晚泥盆世—早石炭世,但由西南天山到東南天山放射蟲發(fā)育頂界層位從維憲階變?yōu)槎艃?nèi)階,略有降低,可能說明南天山洋自東向西收縮關(guān)閉的格局。

以南天山中東部的野云溝—策達(dá)雅和大山口剖面為例,進(jìn)一步的沉積序列研究顯示,南天山東部中上泥盆統(tǒng)—下石炭統(tǒng)為構(gòu)造混雜堆積,含一套中酸性和中—高K鈣堿性火山巖系,且具有島弧火山巖特點(diǎn)①李忠等.2010,塔里木區(qū)塊構(gòu)造—巖相古地理研究與編圖,中國(guó)石化科技報(bào)告(內(nèi)部資料),其中從碎屑鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)中難于尋覓塔里木陸塊的明顯信息(圖5k,l);而上石炭統(tǒng)則發(fā)育濱淺海相穩(wěn)定構(gòu)造沉積序列,碎屑鋯石年齡雖然也主要集中在大約390~490 Ma,但來自塔里木陸塊的鋯石物源年齡信息(晚元古代750~850 Ma以及少量早元古—太古代年齡)顯露(圖5g,h),沉積物源格局發(fā)生改變,佐證了放射蟲記錄的南天山洋關(guān)閉事件。南天山西部以阿合奇以北的南天山剖面分析為代表,上泥盆統(tǒng)—下石炭統(tǒng)含有典型的大洋玄武巖、放射蟲硅質(zhì)巖和深水濁積巖混雜組合;上石炭統(tǒng)則為一套淺海和濱岸碎屑巖或混積巖構(gòu)成的穩(wěn)定陸緣沉積。比較東南天山,該區(qū)碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡主峰除集中在400~500 Ma以外,前寒武紀(jì) 750~850 Ma、900~1 100 Ma碎屑鋯石顯著增加,從上泥盆統(tǒng)—下石炭統(tǒng)到上石炭統(tǒng)變化不大(圖5a-f),其物源與塔里木陸塊密切關(guān)聯(lián)。換句話說,盡管放射蟲資料說明早石炭紀(jì)早維憲期后南天山洋已經(jīng)關(guān)閉,但直到晚石炭世塔里木西北緣仍然延續(xù)了前石炭紀(jì)的沉積物源格局,并未記錄到顯著的南天山碰撞造山事件及其效應(yīng)。

基于上述碎屑物源與巖相研究,以及綜合生物古地理資料[61],認(rèn)識(shí)到西南天山與東南天山存在被動(dòng)陸緣和弧相關(guān)陸緣盆山系統(tǒng)的差異地質(zhì)記錄。可能正是塔里木以南的古特提斯分支洋盆在早石炭世及其后的繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張,導(dǎo)致塔里木北移以及南天山洋和準(zhǔn)噶爾—北天山區(qū)的古亞洲洋關(guān)閉,并于早石炭世晚期(或維憲期)—晚石炭世在南天山中東部和西部以不同構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)(極性)模式相繼消亡。

顯然,在陸內(nèi)、陸緣(陸洋)等不同盆山系統(tǒng)的沉積學(xué)研究體系中難點(diǎn)不一;但無(wú)論如何,等時(shí)地層格架、物源示蹤與綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變等研究的基礎(chǔ)地位不容動(dòng)搖?,F(xiàn)階段由于原位同位素年代學(xué)技術(shù)和示蹤技術(shù)的發(fā)展,在源匯體系、綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變等熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域投入的必要性凸顯;當(dāng)然綜合等時(shí)地層格架的研究也應(yīng)加強(qiáng),特別是在當(dāng)下傳統(tǒng)生物地層研究衰落的背景下,這一點(diǎn)尤其值得在陸緣(陸洋)盆山系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)造活動(dòng)區(qū)沉積記錄和陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)的紅層沉積記錄研究中強(qiáng)調(diào)。

4 主要認(rèn)識(shí)

(1)盆山系統(tǒng)作為一個(gè)整體單元是現(xiàn)代地球動(dòng)力學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)。綜合考慮板塊構(gòu)造單元(位置)、盆山形成演化的構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)體制、構(gòu)造—古地理特征或區(qū)域源—匯構(gòu)造—沉積屬性,可以將盆山系統(tǒng)劃分出三大類、十四個(gè)亞類。其中陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)和洋內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)總體以近源或中—近源沉積體系(域)為特征,而陸緣(陸洋)盆山系統(tǒng)比較復(fù)雜,近源和遠(yuǎn)源沉積體系(域)均有發(fā)育。

(2)盆山系統(tǒng)沉積學(xué)已經(jīng)具有綜合學(xué)科的地位或發(fā)展趨勢(shì),其研究體系一般由構(gòu)造—地層單元與等時(shí)地層格架、物源示蹤與源匯體系、綜合沉積記錄及古構(gòu)造—古氣候演變、沉積體系(域)與綜合構(gòu)造—古地理、盆山演化動(dòng)力學(xué)等五個(gè)部分構(gòu)成。前三部分是研究基礎(chǔ),在不同盆山系統(tǒng)中研究難點(diǎn)不一。

(3)華北侏羅—白堊紀(jì)是典型的陸內(nèi)盆山系統(tǒng)。重點(diǎn)對(duì)碎屑物源示蹤與源匯體系的分析表明,西伯利亞板塊與華北—蒙古聯(lián)合塊體的碰撞隆升增強(qiáng),逐漸形成相對(duì)華北克拉通內(nèi)部的高地勢(shì),是該區(qū)侏羅紀(jì)—早白堊世早期(約136 Ma前)最顯著的山—盆系統(tǒng);而蘇魯造山帶碎屑物源直到白堊紀(jì)早期也未向西越過郯廬帶影響華北克拉通東部地區(qū)盆地沉積。

(4)塔里木北緣和南天山泥盆—石炭紀(jì)發(fā)育典型的陸緣(陸洋)盆山系統(tǒng)。基于碎屑物源與巖相以及生物古地理資料綜合研究,初步揭示了西南天山被動(dòng)陸緣與東南天山弧相關(guān)陸緣盆山系統(tǒng)的差異記錄。提出由于塔里木以南的古特提斯分支洋盆擴(kuò)張,導(dǎo)致南天山洋和準(zhǔn)噶爾—北天山區(qū)的古亞洲洋關(guān)閉,并于早石炭世晚期(或維憲期)—晚石炭世在南天山中東部和西部以不同構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)(極性)模式相繼消亡。

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