孔靈君, 徐 坤* , 王 磊,2, 何 平, 張永征
(1作物生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,農(nóng)業(yè)部黃淮地區(qū)園藝作物生物學(xué)與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,山東泰安 271018; 2德州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院,山東德州253015)
氮硫互作對越冬大蔥生長及品質(zhì)的影響
孔靈君1, 徐 坤1*, 王 磊1,2, 何 平1, 張永征1
(1作物生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,農(nóng)業(yè)部黃淮地區(qū)園藝作物生物學(xué)與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,山東泰安 271018; 2德州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院,山東德州253015)
為探討氮、硫?qū)Υ笫[生長及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響,本文采用裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),研究了盆栽砂培條件下越冬大蔥對營養(yǎng)液氮、硫水平的響應(yīng)特性。結(jié)果表明,隨著氮水平的提高,大蔥各器官生長量均顯著增加,產(chǎn)量以N 16.00 mmol/L(N2)時較高,分別比N 4.00 mmol/L(N1/2)、 8.00 mmol/L(N1)時提高了50.09 %和22.46 %;而隨硫水平的升高,大蔥生長量亦呈增加趨勢,但反應(yīng)不如對氮敏感,產(chǎn)量以S 1.68 mmol/L(S1)、3.35 mmol/L(S2)時較高,繼續(xù)增加硫濃度至6.69 mmol/L(S4)時則產(chǎn)量降低。盡管氮、硫?qū)Υ笫[主要內(nèi)含物質(zhì)的作用方向不盡相同,但大蔥硫化物(以丙酮酸計(jì))含量均隨氮、硫供應(yīng)水平的增加而顯著增加,且合理增施氮、硫均可顯著改善大蔥的綜合品質(zhì)。氮、硫?qū)Υ笫[生長及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)存在顯著的互作效應(yīng),綜合分析表明,以營養(yǎng)液中N 16.00 mmol/L(N2)、S 3.35 mmol/L(S2)時最有利于大蔥的生長及產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的提高。
大蔥; 氮; 硫; 生長; 產(chǎn)量; 品質(zhì)
前人研究表明,硫?qū)χ参锏鞍踪|(zhì)合成、葉綠體構(gòu)成和功能維持、輔酶及小分子物質(zhì)合成、抗逆、生長調(diào)節(jié)等均有重要作用[1],同時硫素代謝關(guān)鍵酶乙酰絲氨酸水解酶(OASS)與氮素同化也有密切關(guān)系[2]。朱云集等[3]研究表明,高氮可誘導(dǎo)低硫水平下小麥OASS的活性,而硫則可調(diào)節(jié)不同氮水平下硝酸還原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(GPT)等氮同化關(guān)鍵酶的活性,因此,氮硫配施可顯著提高小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量。祝小捷等[4]研究也表明,不同氮水平下施硫均能促進(jìn)小麥營養(yǎng)器官貯藏的碳、氮向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),提高籽粒產(chǎn)量;但在供氮充足的條件下增施硫,雖可延緩小麥葉片衰老,有利于植株生物量的增加,但收獲指數(shù)降低[5]。氮硫配施可顯著改善玉米植株?duì)I養(yǎng)狀況,提高玉米產(chǎn)量及籽粒蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量[6]。張培艷等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),增施氮、硫均可提高油菜秸稈及籽粒的產(chǎn)量,但氮硫互作效應(yīng)不顯著;而氮、 硫均可增加洋蔥鱗莖生長量及丙酮酸含量,并影響礦質(zhì)元素的吸收,且氮硫之間存在顯著的互作效應(yīng)[8]。
大蔥(AlliumfistulosumL.var.giganteamMakino)為百合科蔥屬二、三年生草本植物,以葉片及葉鞘(假莖)為食用器官,是我國人民喜食的調(diào)味佳品。硫作為大蔥風(fēng)味物質(zhì)有機(jī)硫化合物的重要組成元素之一,除維持大蔥的正常生長發(fā)育外,對大蔥硫化物的形成與積累有重要作用[9]。氮作為植物必需的大量元素,可顯著提高大蔥產(chǎn)量[10],而合理施用氮和硫除了可增加大蔥的生長量外,還可顯著提高硫化物含量[11-13]。但關(guān)于氮硫互作對大蔥產(chǎn)量及其綜合品質(zhì)的研究鮮見報(bào)道。為此,本文研究了氮硫配比對大蔥產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響,以期為大蔥優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)栽培提供合理的施肥依據(jù)。
1.1 供試材料
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
1.3 測定項(xiàng)目及方法
2012年4月2號大蔥收獲時,按區(qū)組實(shí)有株數(shù)稱重,計(jì)算單株產(chǎn)量;同時每個處理在區(qū)組中隨機(jī)取10株,分別測定大蔥株高、假莖長度、假莖直徑以及根、假莖、葉片鮮重,以10株平均值為該區(qū)組各處理的實(shí)測值。之后,將大蔥假莖按重量等分為2份,其中一份置鼓風(fēng)干燥箱內(nèi)105℃殺青15 min,并于70℃烘干至恒重,計(jì)算干物質(zhì)含量,另一份用于測定相關(guān)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。
大蔥假莖Vc用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法測定[15]; 硝酸鹽用水楊酸法測定[16]; 可溶性蛋白用考馬斯亮藍(lán)法測定[16]; 丙酮酸用2,4-二硝基苯肼顯色法測定[17]; 可溶性糖用蒽酮法測定[16]。大蔥綜合品質(zhì)評分參考宋春鳳等[18]的相對比較法進(jìn)行,即將各品質(zhì)指標(biāo)最大值確定為100分,某處理該指標(biāo)測定值占最大值的百分?jǐn)?shù)即為該指標(biāo)的實(shí)際得分,各處理所有品質(zhì)指標(biāo)得分與其權(quán)重值乘積之和,即為該處理的綜合品質(zhì)得分。根據(jù)大蔥食用特性,本研究確定各指標(biāo)的權(quán)重值分別為干物質(zhì)含量0.2,丙酮酸含量0.3,可溶性蛋白含量0.2,可溶性糖含量0.2,Vc含量0.2,硝酸鹽含量-0.1。
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用Excel和DPS軟件進(jìn)行處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,Duncan新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行差異顯著性檢驗(yàn)。
2.1 氮硫互作對大蔥生長的影響
不同處理大蔥單株生長量(原始數(shù)據(jù)略)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果見表1??梢钥闯觯瑺I養(yǎng)液氮素水平對大蔥植株各生長指標(biāo)均有顯著或極顯著影響,且均以N2處理較高,N1次之,N1/2較低。如N2和N1處理的大蔥株高、假莖直徑分別較N1/2高22.48 %、11.03 %和16.90 %、6.36 %,但假莖長度僅分別增加了6.36 %和5.49 %。硫水平除對大蔥假莖長度無顯著影響外,對其它生長指標(biāo)均有極顯著影響,多表現(xiàn)為以S1處理較好,營養(yǎng)液硫素不足或過高均不利于大蔥的生長。表1還顯示,氮硫互作除對大蔥假莖長度無顯著影響外,對其它生長指標(biāo)均有顯著或極顯著影響。
表1 不同處理大蔥生長量的方差分析與多重比較Table 1 Multiple comparison of Chinese spring onion growth among different treatments
注(Note):同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小、大寫字母分別表示處理間差異達(dá)5%和1%顯著水平 Values followed by different small and capital letters in same column mean significant at the 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
2.2 氮硫互作對大蔥主要內(nèi)含物含量的影響
統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果(表2)表明,營養(yǎng)液氮素水平對大蔥假莖主要內(nèi)含物含量均有顯著或極顯著影響,但作用方向不同,其中干物質(zhì)、可溶性糖及Vc含量隨氮素的增加呈降低的趨勢,如N2分別較N1/2處理降低了14.98 %、7.14 %和5.70 %,而丙酮酸、可溶性蛋白及硝酸鹽含量則相反,其中N2較N1/2分別增加了38.55 %、97.37 %和45.45 %。硫素除對Vc含量無顯著影響外,對其它主要內(nèi)含物含量均有極顯著或顯著影響,但以對丙酮酸含量的影響為甚,如丙酮酸含量S2較S0處理增加了69.70 %,但S4與S2無顯著差異,其它指標(biāo)則僅在較低硫水平條件下,隨硫水平的升高才表現(xiàn)出顯著差異。表2還表明氮、硫?qū)Υ笫[干物質(zhì)、可溶性蛋白、Vc及硝酸鹽含量的互作效應(yīng)不顯著,但對丙酮酸、可溶性糖含量有極顯著的互作效應(yīng)。
2.3 氮硫互作對大蔥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響
從表3和表4可以看出,氮處理、硫處理及氮硫互作(N×S)的P值均小于0.01,表明氮、硫處理及其互作效應(yīng)對大蔥單株產(chǎn)量和綜合品質(zhì)均有極顯著影響。本試驗(yàn)條件下,大蔥產(chǎn)量隨營養(yǎng)液氮水平的升高逐漸增加,且以N2處理的大蔥產(chǎn)量較高,達(dá)165.07g/plant,分別比N1/2、N1增加了50.09 %和22.46 %。雖然大蔥產(chǎn)量隨營養(yǎng)液硫水平的升高亦呈增加趨勢,但反應(yīng)不如氮素敏感,產(chǎn)量以S1較高,比S0增加16.28 %,繼續(xù)升高硫水平至S2時,產(chǎn)量無顯著變化,但硫水平達(dá)S4時,大蔥產(chǎn)量有所降低,較S1減產(chǎn)8.96 %,但仍比S0增產(chǎn)5.86 %。大蔥綜合品質(zhì)隨著氮素水平的升高而提高,其綜合品質(zhì)分?jǐn)?shù)N2、N1較N1/2分別增加了9.95%、7.52%。隨硫水平的升高,大蔥綜合品質(zhì)也顯著提高,但至S2后繼續(xù)增加至S4,則綜合品質(zhì)未發(fā)生顯著變化。
表2 不同處理大蔥假莖主要內(nèi)含物的方差分析與多重比較Table 2 Multiple comparison of Chinese spring onion cauloid main inclusion among different treatments
注(Note):同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小、大寫字母分別表示處理間差異達(dá)5%和1%顯著水平 Values followed by different small and capital letters in same column mean significant at the 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
表3 不同處理對大蔥產(chǎn)量和綜合品質(zhì)的影響Table 3 Effects of interaction of nitrogen and sulfur on Chinese spring onion yield and integrated quality value
表4 不同處理間大蔥產(chǎn)量和綜合品質(zhì)的方差分析與多重比較Table 4 Multiple comparison of Chinese spring onion yieldand integrated quality value among different treatments
注(Note):同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小、大寫字母分別表示處理間差異達(dá)5%和1%顯著水平 Values followed by different small and capital letters in same column mean significant at the 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
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InfluenceofnitrogenandsulfurinteractionongrowthandqualityofChinesespringonion
KONG Ling-jun1, XU Kun1*, WANG Lei1,2, HE Ping1, ZHANG Yong-zheng1
(1StateKeyLaboratoryofCropBiology/MinistryofAgricultureKeyLaboratoryofHorticulturalCropBiologyandGermplasmCreationinHuang-HuaiRegion/CollegeofHorticultureScienceandEngineering,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity,Tai’an,Shandong271018,China; 2DezhouAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Dezhou,Shandong253015,China)
In order to investigate effects of nitrogen and sulfur on growth, yield and quality of Chinese spring onion, the response characteristics of sand potted overwintering Chinese spring onion to N and S fertilization levels were studied by using the split plot design. The results show that the biomasses of onion organs are increased significantly with the solution N increasing, and the higher change of yield is under N 16.00 mmol/L(N2), which is increased by 50.09 % and 22.46 % under the N 4.00 mmol/L(N1/2) and N 8.00 mmol/L(N1) respectively. Meanwhile the biomasses of all organs are also increased with solution S increasing, but the response is less sensitive than the response to N. The yields are higher while sulfur concentration are 1.68 mmol/L(S1) and 3.35 mmol/L(S2) levels, but the yields begin to decrease when the sulfur concentration reaches to 6.69 mmol/L(S4). Although the main inclusion reacts differently in response to N and S levels, the organic-sulfur compounds (EPY) are increased significantly as the increases of N and S levels. Moreover, combined application of N and S could significantly improve the Chinese spring onion’s comprehensive quality. The interaction effect of nitrogen and sulfur is significant on growth, yield and quality of Chinese spring onion. The results of comprehensive analysis show that the nutrient solution containing N 16.00 mmol/L(N2) and S 3.35 mmol/L(S2) is optimal to improving the growth, yield and quality of Chinese spring onion.
Chinese spring onion; nitrogen; sulfur; growth; yield; quality
2012-11-12接受日期2013-05-15
山東省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系專項(xiàng)資金(201002-05)資助。
孔靈君(1987—),女,山東東營人,碩士研究生,主要從事蔬菜栽培生理方面的研究。 Tel: 0538-8241783, E-mail: superus@sdau.edu.cn。 * 通信作者 E-mail: xukun@sdau.edu.cn
S633.1;S143
A
1008-505X(2013)05-1272-07