呂寶乾,嚴(yán) 珍,金啟安,溫海波,符悅冠,李偉東,彭正強(qiáng)*中國(guó)熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院環(huán)境與植物保護(hù)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部熱帶農(nóng)林有害生物入侵監(jiān)測(cè)與控制重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室/農(nóng)業(yè)部儋州農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)觀測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)站,海南儋州5777;海南大學(xué)環(huán)境與植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,海南海口5708;海南出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局,海南海口570
隨著對(duì)外開(kāi)放和國(guó)際貿(mào)易的不斷發(fā)展,我國(guó)外來(lái)生物入侵形勢(shì)十分嚴(yán)峻。在世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟(IUCN)公布的全球100種最具威脅的外來(lái)物種中,我國(guó)就有50種,是全球受外來(lái)生物入侵影響最大的國(guó)家之一(萬(wàn)方浩等,2005)。入侵物種主要分布在我國(guó)東南部省份,如廣東、海南、云南、福建(萬(wàn)方浩等,2009)。1998~2008年,海南和廣東首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的入侵有害生物最多,各5種(萬(wàn)方浩等,2009)。例如,2002年入侵我國(guó)海南省的椰心葉甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro),給我國(guó)棕櫚植物相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)造成了巨大損失(呂寶乾等,2005)。因此,有必要關(guān)注有可能入侵我國(guó)的其他有害生物。
椰子織蛾Opisina arenosellaWalker是棕櫚植物上的重要害蟲(chóng)。在印度、斯里蘭卡和緬甸,椰子織蛾嚴(yán)重危害椰子樹(shù)(Jayaratnam,1941;Rao,1924)。據(jù)了解,近幾年該害蟲(chóng)已擴(kuò)散蔓延到東盟國(guó)家的泰國(guó)和馬來(lái)西亞,尤其在泰國(guó),該蟲(chóng)危害嚴(yán)重,引起了相關(guān)部門(mén)的高度重視。為了提高對(duì)椰子織蛾的認(rèn)識(shí),防范該有害生物入侵我國(guó),本文對(duì)該蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行介紹,并進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析。
Walker在1864年從不知名的寄主上發(fā)現(xiàn)了O.arenosella(Becher,1981)。椰子織蛾英文名為coconut blackheaded caterpillar,直譯為椰子黑頭履帶蟲(chóng)。我國(guó)曾將其譯為食葉履帶蟲(chóng)、黑頭履帶蟲(chóng)(陳慧,2004)、椰蛀蛾(黃德聰,1987)。該害蟲(chóng)屬鱗翅目Lepidoptera織蛾科Oecophoridae,也曾被歸為木蛾科 Xylorycitdae(Becher,1981;Pereraet al.,1988)。
卵(圖1A):半透明乳黃色,長(zhǎng)橢圓形,具有縱橫網(wǎng)格,成堆產(chǎn)于葉片上。
幼蟲(chóng)(圖1B):5~8個(gè)齡期。雌、雄幼蟲(chóng)大小相似,雄性6~8齡幼蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)體第9節(jié)前緣腹中腺表面有一圓形凹陷,雌蟲(chóng)無(wú)此凹陷,這一特征可用于辨別幼蟲(chóng)的性別。
蛹(圖1C):紅褐色,雌、雄蟲(chóng)蛹質(zhì)量分別為(22.18±0.99)、(17.73 ±0.09)mg(Santhosh & Prabhu,1987)。
成蟲(chóng)(圖1D):觸角長(zhǎng)5~7 mm,38~42節(jié)。中間各節(jié)呈圓柱形,最后一節(jié)呈錐形(Jayaprakash&Prabhu,1986)。
圖1 椰子織蛾(由泰國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治中心提供)Fig.1 O.arenosella(provided by Biological Center,Department of Agriculture,Thailand)
椰子織蛾分布于印度、斯里蘭卡、孟加拉國(guó)、緬甸(Venkatesanet al.,2009)、印尼、與印度古吉拉特邦毗鄰的巴基斯坦、泰國(guó)和馬來(lái)西亞等地。
椰子樹(shù)Cocos nuciferaL.,扇葉樹(shù)頭櫚Borrassus flabelliferL.(Raoet al.,1948),棗椰樹(shù)Phoenix dactyliferaL.(Butani,1975),貝葉棕Corypha umbraculiferaL.(Talati& Kapadia,1984),野生棗椰樹(shù)P.theophrastiGreuter,銀海棗P.sylvestrisRoxb,西谷椰子Metroxylon saguRottboell,董棕Caryota urensL.(Raoet al.,1948),非洲棕Hyphaene thebaicaL.(Lever,1969),甘藍(lán)椰子Oredoxa oleraceaKurth,蒲葵Livistona chinensisRob(Talati& Kapadia,1984),香蕉Musaspp.(Manjunath,1985;Talati & Butani,1988)。
從產(chǎn)卵和取食習(xí)性來(lái)看,椰子織蛾最喜歡扇葉樹(shù)頭櫚,椰子次之,最不喜歡香蕉(Srinivasaet al.,1995)。
椰子樹(shù)整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)階段均易受到椰子織蛾的為害。椰子織蛾以幼蟲(chóng)為害葉片,留下排泄物,導(dǎo)致葉片光合作用效率下降。受害嚴(yán)重的植株葉子干枯,出現(xiàn)落葉。與椰子樹(shù)上的另一種重要害蟲(chóng)椰心葉甲不同,椰子織蛾幼蟲(chóng)危害椰樹(shù)老葉和新葉,而椰心葉甲只危害椰樹(shù)新葉(圖2)。椰子織蛾幼蟲(chóng)不僅食葉,而且取食苞芽,造成椰樹(shù)花穗減少、生長(zhǎng)遲緩、過(guò)早落果的現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而嚴(yán)重影響椰子產(chǎn)量(Lever,1969;Manjunath,1985)。幼蟲(chóng)和蛹能夠通過(guò)椰子傳播。椰子織蛾嚴(yán)重侵染椰子后,可造成45%椰子減產(chǎn),13%葉片受損(Chandrikaet al.,2010)。
圖2 椰子織蛾(A,由泰國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治中心提供)和椰心葉甲(B)危害后的椰樹(shù)Fig.2 Coconut harmed by O.arenosella(A,provided by Biological Center,Department of Agriculture,Thailand)and B.longissima(B)
據(jù)報(bào)道,雌蛾在葉片背面產(chǎn)卵。卵一般產(chǎn)在老葉上,卵量達(dá)59~252粒,平均137粒。在印度,椰子織蛾卵期大約5 d,幼蟲(chóng)期42 d,蛹期12 d,成蟲(chóng)壽命5~7 d,全世代需2~2.5個(gè)月,1年發(fā)生5代(Nirula,1955)。
椰子織蛾成蟲(chóng)可以飛行,大多在晚間活動(dòng),這為其傳播擴(kuò)散提供了可能。此外,貿(mào)易往來(lái)是外來(lái)生物入侵的一個(gè)渠道。2008年中國(guó)檢驗(yàn)檢疫部門(mén)截獲外來(lái)生物最多的10個(gè)國(guó)家中,東盟國(guó)家有4個(gè),分別為泰國(guó)(13868批次)、馬來(lái)西亞(13492批次)、越南(4623批次)和緬甸(4041批次)(萬(wàn)方浩等,2009)。我國(guó)與東盟國(guó)家貿(mào)易頻繁,每年需從東盟國(guó)家進(jìn)口20多億個(gè)椰子,給椰子織蛾的遠(yuǎn)距離傳播(主要靠苗木運(yùn)輸)打開(kāi)了方便之門(mén)。
根據(jù)海南省林業(yè)局統(tǒng)計(jì),海南椰子每年直接產(chǎn)值約5億元,檳榔每年直接產(chǎn)值約10億元。棕櫚植物是熱帶亞熱帶特有的樹(shù)種,若該害蟲(chóng)入侵我國(guó),將可能帶來(lái)與椰心葉甲一樣嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)災(zāi)害。
椰子織蛾幼蟲(chóng)取食葉片,并構(gòu)筑絲網(wǎng)狀蟲(chóng)道,嚴(yán)重時(shí)整個(gè)樹(shù)冠被侵染,樹(shù)葉干枯,樹(shù)勢(shì)衰弱,產(chǎn)量減少。該害蟲(chóng)也危害香蕉,在香蕉上的習(xí)性和造成的危害與在椰子嫩葉上相似。雖然該害蟲(chóng)在香蕉上偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn),但可能演變成香蕉的重要害蟲(chóng)。香蕉作為椰子害蟲(chóng)的轉(zhuǎn)寄主曾有先例,如椰子二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinocerosL.(黃德聰,1987)。我國(guó)公布的檢疫性有害生物名錄雖未將椰子織蛾列入其中,但也應(yīng)警惕該害蟲(chóng)入侵我國(guó)。
1998~2008年,具有危險(xiǎn)性與暴發(fā)性的農(nóng)林入侵種多達(dá)19種,其中9種為我國(guó)進(jìn)境檢疫對(duì)象(萬(wàn)方浩等,2009)。為防止椰子織蛾傳播蔓延,必須實(shí)施嚴(yán)格的植物檢疫措施,并建議相關(guān)部門(mén)將該害蟲(chóng)列入我國(guó)進(jìn)境檢疫對(duì)象;對(duì)疫區(qū)進(jìn)入的可攜帶椰子織蛾的材料尤其是棕櫚科植物進(jìn)行必要的處理;檢驗(yàn)過(guò)程中主要查看葉片上是否有危害狀,如果有,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步從葉片上采集幼蟲(chóng)或蛹進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的鑒定。
椰子織蛾受一些土著寄生性和捕食性天敵(表1)控制。
表1 椰子織蛾的天敵Table 1 Recorded natural enemies of O.arenosella
Sujatha&Singh(2004)于1996~1997年在印度的卡納塔克邦對(duì)椰子織蛾的寄生蜂監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),瓜野螟絨繭蜂Apanteles taragamaeViereck在沿海夏季和內(nèi)陸雨季活躍,棉卷葉螟鱗繭蜂Meteoridea hutsoniNixon和大腿小蜂屬Brachymeriaspp.分別在冬季和夏季占主導(dǎo)地位。Goniozus nephantidis(Muesebeck)在印度不同地區(qū)對(duì)椰子織蛾的寄生率不同:如在喀拉拉邦奎隆地區(qū)的寄生率為3.7% ~47.6%(Sathiammaet al.,1996);在馬哈拉施特拉邦塔那地區(qū)為 57.6%(Desaiet al.,2003);在古吉拉特邦默胡瓦地區(qū)為31.0%;在安得拉邦貢土爾地區(qū)為 28.0%(Manjunath,1985);在班加羅爾地區(qū)為48.0%(Nadarajan & Channa,1980)。在斯里蘭卡的寄生率為19.0%(Dharmaraju,1963)。Venkatesanet al.(2003)發(fā)現(xiàn),G.nephantidis擴(kuò)散依靠爬行而不是飛行。在田間離地面1.2 m的椰子樹(shù)干釋放G.nephantidis,90% ~100%的寄生蜂可達(dá)到樹(shù)冠。每棵樹(shù)釋放10頭G.nephantidis,連續(xù)釋放4次效果最佳。在2種寄生蜂G.nephantidis和Bracon brevicomisWesm.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)互作過(guò)程中,G.nephantidis能占有寄主保證后代繁衍,但卻影響B(tài).brevicomis對(duì)椰子織蛾的寄生控害效能(Venkatesanet al.,2009)。Jalaliet al.(2002)從11種赤眼蜂中篩選出椰子織蛾卵期寄生蜂食胚赤眼蜂Trichogramma embryophagumHartig,大田釋放寄生率達(dá)82.1%。在印度每棵樹(shù)釋放50~100頭花蝽Cardiustethus exiguousPoppius,能夠顯著降低野外椰子織蛾的種群數(shù)量(Lylaet al.,2006)。
在印度西海岸,0.1%或0.2%DDT對(duì)棕櫚樹(shù)椰子織蛾具有很好的防治效果(Nirulaet al.,1951)。Sathiamma&Kurian(1972)報(bào)道,幾種農(nóng)藥對(duì)椰子織蛾的防效依次為敵敵畏>敵百蟲(chóng)>殘殺威>亞砜吸磷 >西維因。椰子織蛾暴發(fā)時(shí),用0.02% 敵敵畏、0.05% 馬拉硫磷、0.05% 硫丹和久效磷,有時(shí)用3%印楝種核提取物,噴施于葉片背面能夠馬上緩解疫情(Anjariaet al.,1975;Ponnamma,1984)。Kanagaratnam&Pinto(1985)和Nadarajan&Channa(1981)研究表明,通過(guò)樹(shù)干注射殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)椰子織蛾有一定的防治效果。如通過(guò)樹(shù)干注射印楝素水劑,24 h藥劑可從樹(shù)基部傳導(dǎo)到樹(shù)冠,對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)的控制效果顯著(Shivashankaret al.,2000)。
農(nóng)業(yè)防治是預(yù)防椰子織蛾暴發(fā)的輔助措施。通過(guò)削減和燒毀這些被害葉片或枯葉等(Rohitha,1982),可以減少蟲(chóng)源。
致謝:感謝泰國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部生物防治中心Amporn Winotai博士和泰國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)Namphueng Chomphukhiao博士提供相關(guān)信息。
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