成明珠
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法是高中階段學(xué)生必須掌握的語法內(nèi)容。它們在高中階段的閱讀中出現(xiàn)率非常高,常常會困擾學(xué)生對出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞的句子的正確理解。
一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞形式上的區(qū)別
1.從結(jié)構(gòu)形式上區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式:doing(主動),being done(被動)。
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式:having done(主動和完成)。
having been done(完成和被動)。
過去分詞的形式: done。
2.從語態(tài)上區(qū)別
在語態(tài)上,及物動詞還有不及動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞,都表示主動的意思;及物動詞的過去分詞一般表示被動。
Do you know the young man talking to your father?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
3.從時態(tài)上區(qū)別
及物動詞和不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞,都表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。及物動詞的過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示完成,不表示被動。
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
The falling leaves are all yellow.
Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.
注意:不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語時,意義上不同的詞類似的還有:
boiling water (正在沸騰的水) boiled water(煮開過的水)
a drowning man(快淹死的人) a drowned man(已淹死的人)
二、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞語法功能上的區(qū)別
1.作表語
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語一般表示主語的性質(zhì)和特征,常譯作“令人……”。
過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受,常譯作“感到……”
His father seems pleased with his results.
The speech you delivered is very interesting and encouraging.
需要注意的是:現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時,主語一般為物;過去分詞作表語時,主語一般為人。
2.作定語
(1)單個現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞一般作前置定語,但是,現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞短語一般作后置定語。
He helped a crying girl on his way to school yesterday.
Some news reported on TV about sports interested him so much.
(2)單個的過去分詞有時也作后置定語,但是,有些過去分詞作前置定語和后置定語時意義不同。
in the given time(在既定的時間內(nèi))
with the time given(用所給的時間)
a wanted person(一個被通緝的人)
workers wanted(招聘工人)
a concerned look(關(guān)切的神情)
the people concerned(有關(guān)人士)
3.作賓語補(bǔ)足語
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,與句子的賓語邏輯上是主動關(guān)系,表示動作正在進(jìn)行、還未結(jié)束或持續(xù)進(jìn)行。
We found them standing there, unable to find any help.
Dont have your children work hard at their homework all the time.
(2)當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,它仍表示一個正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)的動作,但賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
I often watched the ship being loaded.
I saw the child being beaten by his father.
(3)過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語常表示動作的完成狀態(tài),或與句子的賓語邏輯上是被動關(guān)系。不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語只表示動作的完成或狀態(tài),沒有被動意義。
I was glad to see the child taken good care of .
When he arrived, he found all the work finished.
4.作狀語
(1)分詞及分詞短語可作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、結(jié)果狀語、讓步狀語、或伴隨狀語。分詞作狀語相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。
Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. (時間狀語)
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to his invitation.(原因狀語)
The man drove too fast, leading to a serious traffic accident.(結(jié)果狀語)
Working hard at all lessons, you will go to college. (條件狀語)
Heated, water changes into steam. (條件狀語)
Exhausted, he continued his journey.(讓步狀語)
She turned away, disappointed. (伴隨狀語)
Inspired by his teachers deeds, he worked harder.(原因狀語)
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞及現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語一致;及物動詞的過去分詞及過去分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯賓語必須和句子的主語一致。不及物動詞的過去分詞及過去分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主詞必須和句子的主語一致。若上述三者不一致,則必須在分詞前加上它自己的邏輯主語或者邏輯賓語,構(gòu)成分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),仍可作狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、條件等。
The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.
The naughty child returned home, his nose bleeding.
The new car lost, my father got annoyed and disappointed.
Weather permitting, we are sure to see you.
需要注意的是:過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式都表示已完成的動作,在意義上無多大區(qū)別,但有時在強(qiáng)調(diào)具體含義時有區(qū)別。
Destroyed by earthquake, the building was no longer safe.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)被動的動作)受到地震的破壞,這座建筑不再安全。
Having been deserted by his husband, she was very sad every day.(強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動作)被丈夫拋棄后,她每天都悲傷不已。