劉 晟,馮 穎,劉金良
(1.白銀市平川區(qū)人民醫(yī)院病理科,甘肅白銀730913;2.蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院病理科,甘肅蘭州 730000)
線(xiàn)粒體存在于真核細(xì)胞中,其在能量代謝、自由基產(chǎn)生、鈣穩(wěn)態(tài)和細(xì)胞凋亡等多種細(xì)胞基本功能中起關(guān)鍵作用。線(xiàn)粒體DNA(mitochondrial DAN,mtDNA)含量受到細(xì)胞生理?xiàng)l件的精確調(diào)控,如缺氧、激素刺激等不同的內(nèi)部和外部微環(huán)境[1]。MtDNA復(fù)制與核DNA復(fù)制不同步,所以在每個(gè)細(xì)胞周期,mtDNA可以不止一次地獨(dú)立復(fù)制。但mtDNA缺乏組蛋白保護(hù),容易受到氧化或其他損傷,因而mtDNA的突變率比核DNA的高10~200倍。
近年來(lái)科研人員對(duì)癌癥發(fā)病過(guò)程中mtDNA含量變化的意義做了深入研究。除了點(diǎn)突變、大片段缺失和位于mtDNA編碼區(qū)與調(diào)控區(qū)之間的插入,mtDNA含量變化在各種實(shí)體腫瘤以及循環(huán)系統(tǒng)腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)。本文綜述了常見(jiàn)的原發(fā)性人類(lèi)腫瘤mtDNA含量的變化情況,并評(píng)價(jià)了mtDNA含量變化作為一種新型預(yù)測(cè)和診斷腫瘤的生物標(biāo)志物的臨床應(yīng)用意義。
研究人員利用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR技術(shù)揭示了多種常見(jiàn)人類(lèi)癌癥患者的mtDNA含量變化異常(表1)。MtDNA含量變化具有腫瘤特異性。
一項(xiàng)31例肝癌患者的研究表明,mtDNA含量與腫瘤大小和肝硬化有顯著相關(guān)性。MtDNA含量較低的患者比mtDNA含量較高的患者術(shù)后5年生存率偏低[2]。MtDNA含量相對(duì)下降值與非小細(xì)胞肺癌的腫瘤發(fā)展也密切相關(guān)[3]。同時(shí),mtDNA含量的下降可能與EWS腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移性有關(guān)[4]。大腸癌患者的mtDNA含量隨TNM分期的增高和分化狀態(tài)降低明顯下降[5]。此外,mtDNA含量低的大腸癌患者比mtDNA含量正常的患者手術(shù)后5年無(wú)病生存率低[6]。食管癌mtDNA含量與腫瘤侵襲性相關(guān),從非癌變組織到食管癌癌灶再到淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移組織的mtDNA含量呈增加趨勢(shì)[7]。乳腺癌mtDNA含量較高的患者比mtDNA含量較低的患者術(shù)后無(wú)病生存率低[8]。急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病和非霍奇金淋巴瘤的兒童患者中的mtDNA含量增加與長(zhǎng)期患病以及疾病的反復(fù)發(fā)作有關(guān)[9]。這說(shuō)明,mtDNA含量與癌癥發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。
表1 人類(lèi)惡性腫瘤中mtDNA含量的變化Table 1 MtDNA content alterations in human cancers
肝癌、侵襲性乳腺癌和EWS中,mtDNA含量下降與DNA重鏈的復(fù)制起點(diǎn)和D-環(huán)的D310多聚C區(qū)域的體細(xì)胞突變有顯著的相關(guān)性[4]。乳腺腫瘤的發(fā)生可能與線(xiàn)粒體D-環(huán)突變有關(guān)[10]。這些序列參與形成啟動(dòng)mtDNA合成所必需的RNA/DNA雜交序列,D-loop的突變可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致mtDNA-蛋白復(fù)合物的親和力的破壞,影響mtDNA轉(zhuǎn)錄/復(fù)制速率,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞中的mtDNA含量降低。MtDNA含量下降也可能因?yàn)镻53介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路失活。P53不僅在響應(yīng)ROS誘導(dǎo)的mtDNA損傷時(shí)抑制腫瘤,它還通過(guò)與 mtDNA聚合酶 γ(polymerase γ,POLG)相互作用來(lái)維持線(xiàn)粒體的遺傳穩(wěn)定性,而且它還能刺激線(xiàn)粒體的生物合成[32]。超過(guò)50%的人類(lèi)癌癥中都發(fā)現(xiàn)P53的缺失或者異常。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致mtDNA對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激的靈敏度增加,從而擾亂線(xiàn)粒體ROS的內(nèi)平衡,誘導(dǎo)mtDNA含量增加[33]。事實(shí)上,mtDNA含量減少伴隨P53或POLG突變已經(jīng)在多種類(lèi)型的癌癥病例中證實(shí)。POLG在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中異位表達(dá)時(shí),mtDNA含量急劇下降[34]。因此,mtDNA含量的減少歸因于核DNA和mtDNA突變。在某些癌癥中,mtDNA含量的累積可能由于氧化應(yīng)激的升高,但確切的原因仍然未知。
化療藥物的不良反應(yīng)是治療癌癥的主要障礙。有研究揭示mtDNA含量的變化能提高癌細(xì)胞抵抗多種化療藥物的細(xì)胞毒副作用。TRAIL誘導(dǎo)人宮頸癌Hela細(xì)胞凋亡可能是通過(guò)線(xiàn)粒體信號(hào)通路進(jìn)行[35]。用阿霉素,甲萘醌和百草枯處理缺失mtDNA的SK-Hep1肝癌細(xì)胞使細(xì)胞凋亡顯著減少[36]。線(xiàn)粒體功能障礙引起Ca2+流動(dòng)和ROS過(guò)剩,可以通過(guò)自分泌或旁分泌環(huán)路合成的AR蛋白刺激HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞,從而使癌細(xì)胞具有順鉑耐受性[37]。喉癌Hep2細(xì)胞中mtDNA含量的提高能抵抗多西紫杉醇誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[38]。與此發(fā)現(xiàn)一致,mtDNA含量較低的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞對(duì)阿霉素敏感[39]。缺失mtDNA的乳腺癌T47D細(xì)胞和結(jié)腸癌HCT-8細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出對(duì)藥物敏感性下降[40]??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),上述結(jié)果支持mtDNA含量變化至少在一部分腫瘤細(xì)胞的藥物抗性上發(fā)揮了積極作用。
在早期腫瘤檢測(cè)方面,檢測(cè)mtDNA含量變化比檢測(cè)nDNA的方法有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。線(xiàn)粒體基因組長(zhǎng)度短,基因組成簡(jiǎn)單,mtDNA的豐度比nDNA的高,因而篩查mtDNA全基因組比nDNA更容易和更經(jīng)濟(jì)。突變的mtDNA很容易從不同惡性腫瘤早期患者采集的體液(如外周血全血、沖洗唾液、痰、尿和乳頭抽吸液)中檢出,這極大提高了腫瘤相關(guān)基因的診斷效率。
一項(xiàng)對(duì)203例前列腺癌患者的研究證明前列腺癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和mtDNA含量有相關(guān)性[41]。外周血白細(xì)胞的mtDNA含量與非霍奇金淋巴瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān),并且mtDNA含量最適合判斷慢性/小淋巴細(xì)胞淋巴瘤的亞型[42]。同樣,mtDNA含量和未來(lái)發(fā)生肺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在正相關(guān)[43-44]。與以上結(jié)果一致,在乳腺癌[34]和結(jié)直腸癌[11]病例中,外周血中mtDNA含量增加與癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān),并且具有顯著的量的關(guān)系。此外,乳腺癌Ⅰ期患者比Ⅱ-Ⅳ期患者的血液樣本中mtDNA含量低,說(shuō)明癌細(xì)胞在腫瘤發(fā)展的早期階段可能在循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中大量消耗mtDNA,在后期mtDNA含量增加能夠彌補(bǔ)呼吸功能缺陷[45]。人們已經(jīng)逐漸接受循環(huán)系統(tǒng)游離mtDNA作為一種新的強(qiáng)有力的多種實(shí)體腫瘤診斷和預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物。惡性和良性乳腺腫瘤患者血漿游離mtDNA的數(shù)量顯著低于健康對(duì)照[46]。在受試者工作特征曲線(xiàn)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,研究人員用循環(huán)血游離mtDNA指紋能夠從健康人群中區(qū)分乳腺癌患者。泌尿系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤患者(膀胱癌,前列腺癌,腎癌和睪丸生殖細(xì)胞癌)的血液游離mtDNA含量顯著增加,而且游離mtDNA能靈敏的、特異的區(qū)分患者和健康志愿者[47-48]。癌癥患者的血液游離mtDNA含量改變的主要原因雖然還不清楚,但是它作為一個(gè)腫瘤生物標(biāo)志物的意義是顯而易見(jiàn)的。目前還沒(méi)有癌癥早期診斷的可靠方法,基于mtDNA生物標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)可有效地彌補(bǔ)現(xiàn)有的早期檢測(cè)空白,以提高癌癥診斷的靈敏性和特異性,并為臨床醫(yī)生調(diào)整或優(yōu)化癌癥治療方案具有重要意義。
MtDNA含量變化參與腫瘤發(fā)生已成為當(dāng)前癌癥研究的重要領(lǐng)域?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明mtDNA含量的變化可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制在腫瘤發(fā)生的各個(gè)階段對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)病和發(fā)展起作用(圖1)。監(jiān)測(cè)mtDNA含量變化在高危人群篩查癌前病變、追蹤癌癥的發(fā)展和預(yù)測(cè)疾病復(fù)發(fā)或癌癥預(yù)后方面有重要的臨床意義。當(dāng)然,未來(lái)的研究需要進(jìn)一步揭示引起癌癥發(fā)病和發(fā)展過(guò)程中mtDNA含量改變的機(jī)制。
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