藺志平,喬鳳霞
(保定學(xué)院 生化系,河北 保定 071000)
學(xué)科綜述
2-吡唑啉衍生物合成研究進(jìn)展
藺志平,喬鳳霞
(保定學(xué)院 生化系,河北 保定 071000)
2-吡唑啉類(lèi)化合物是極為重要的含氮五元雜環(huán)化合物,在有機(jī)合成及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域有非常廣泛的應(yīng)用.本文按照吡唑啉環(huán)上不同位置的取代基種類(lèi),介紹近年來(lái)由α,β-不飽和羰基化合物與肼及其衍生物直接環(huán)化合成此類(lèi)化合物的研究進(jìn)展.引用參考文獻(xiàn)83篇.
2-吡唑啉衍生物;有機(jī)合成;綜述
2-吡唑啉衍生物是一類(lèi)重要的五元氮雜環(huán)化合物,具有消炎、抗菌[1]、抗病毒[2]、和殺蟲(chóng)[3]等藥理作用[4-8].此類(lèi)化合物還具有良好的光學(xué)性質(zhì),被廣泛用作紡織物和紙張等的熒光增白劑[9]以及光電材料和電致發(fā)光體系中的空穴傳輸媒介等[10].因此吡唑啉衍生物合成方法的研究日益成為有機(jī)合成中的熱點(diǎn),引起人們的重視.本文按照吡唑啉環(huán)上不同位置的取代基種類(lèi),介紹近年來(lái)由α,β-不飽和羰基化合物與肼及其衍生物直接環(huán)化合成此類(lèi)化合物的研究進(jìn)展(Scheme 1).
Scheme 1
早在19世紀(jì),F(xiàn)ischer等制備腙時(shí)意外發(fā)現(xiàn)利用丙烯醛與苯肼反應(yīng)得到的不是腙,而是1-苯基吡唑啉[11],這一現(xiàn)象引起了人們的極大興趣.隨后,在醛與肼的進(jìn)一步研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),某些醛與肼生成的腙不穩(wěn)定,在熱醋酸中易重排成吡唑啉.1918年,Straus[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是α,β-不飽和醛或酮還是肼,只要苯環(huán)上帶有取代基,則得到穩(wěn)定的產(chǎn)物腙.而Auwers和Voss[11]則發(fā)現(xiàn),芳環(huán)上不帶取代基的α,β-不飽和醛或酮與苯肼反應(yīng)迅速生成腙,無(wú)需分離,低溫下可迅速重排成吡唑啉.
Sachchar等[12]將1-取代苯基-3-呋喃基-2-丙烯-1-酮、1-噻吩基-2-丙烯-1-酮或1-吡啶基-2-丙烯-1-酮與苯肼在醋酸中回流4h,然后放置過(guò)夜即可得到吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率31%~82%.Palaska等利用同樣的方法由1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮與苯肼反應(yīng)4h,合成了一系列的1,3,5-三芳基-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率為81%~94%[13].
2006年,Ozdemir等將1-(2-呋喃)基-3-芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮與肼、苯肼、氨基硫脲在醋酸中回流4h合成了1-苯基-3-(2-呋喃)-2-吡唑啉、1-氨基硫羰基-3-(2-呋喃)-2-吡唑啉或1-N-取代的氨基硫羰基-3-(2-呋喃)-2-吡唑啉衍生物,產(chǎn)率58%~64%[14-15].
以醋酸為溶劑和催化劑,將1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮和苯肼在90℃反應(yīng)2h,即生成1,3,5-三芳基吡唑啉,不必分離直接加入適量的TPCD(二氫鉻酸四吡啶合鈷)可進(jìn)一步生成1,3,5-三芳基吡唑[16].樸文香等[17]在醋酸中回流6h或與乙二醇單乙醚常溫?cái)嚢?h合成了9種吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率50%~85%.在醋酸中將1-芳呋喃基-3-對(duì)二甲胺基苯丙烯酮或1-芳呋喃基-5-對(duì)二甲胺基苯基戊二烯酮和苯肼加熱溶解,回流狀態(tài)下滴加無(wú)水乙醇合成了芳呋喃吡唑啉化合物(Scheme 2).結(jié)果表明:呋喃基的引入擴(kuò)大了共軛體系,使其熒光發(fā)射光譜λmax大多都大于450nm,可作為熒光染料[18].
Scheme 2
通過(guò)產(chǎn)物的紫外可見(jiàn)吸收光譜和質(zhì)譜數(shù)據(jù)表明:n=1時(shí),反應(yīng)縮合環(huán)化發(fā)生在戊二烯酮中羰基和不與呋喃基相連的雙鍵上,生成的產(chǎn)物是3-位含有不飽和雙鍵的吡唑啉A而不是B.可能的反應(yīng)機(jī)理是苯肼的α氮原子與烯酮的β烯碳進(jìn)行1,4-加成后,β氨基與羰基碳原子發(fā)生分子內(nèi)關(guān)環(huán),進(jìn)而生成吡唑啉化合物[19].
徐峰等[20]則將三唑環(huán)引入吡唑啉的3位(Scheme 3),使得此類(lèi)化合物具有了多種藥理作用,如抗腫瘤、抗病毒、抗菌、舒張血管等作用.黎芳等[19]的研究結(jié)果表明:吡唑啉3位引入三唑環(huán)后有藍(lán)色熒光;1位引入取代基也使化合物的熒光波長(zhǎng)移至480nm左右.
Scheme 3
傳統(tǒng)方法中,吡唑啉環(huán)的合成均是在弱酸性條件下,如醋酸溶液中進(jìn)行的,但這類(lèi)反應(yīng)大多需要在回流狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行;而改用乙二醇單乙醚為反應(yīng)介質(zhì),反應(yīng)可以在較低的溫度如室溫或水浴加熱中進(jìn)行.在氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)下,將1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮和苯肼加入乙二醇單乙醚中,水浴加熱攪拌2h,也可制得1,5-二苯基-3-對(duì)硝基苯基吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率可達(dá)79%[21].將芐叉氯苯乙酮溶于乙二醇單乙醚中,加入苯肼室溫?cái)嚢?h后即可制得吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率43%.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)此化合物可用于制備蘭色防偽熒光材料,能實(shí)現(xiàn)彩色蘭、綠、紅三原色熒光防偽[22].同樣條件下,韓秀英等[23]可將1,3-二苯基-5-(4-氯苯基)-2-吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率提高至80%.
張耀謀等[24]在無(wú)水乙醇中回流反應(yīng)12h合成了1,3,5-三芳基-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率52%~61%.把傳統(tǒng)的酸性條件改為強(qiáng)堿如氫氧化鈉催化,1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮與苯肼在乙醇中加熱至70℃回流8h,也得到了1,3,5-三苯基-2-吡唑啉[25].將萘基查爾酮與鹽酸苯肼在乙醇中回流,相應(yīng)吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率78%~91%[26].
以乙醇和甲苯的混合液作為反應(yīng)介質(zhì),將雙查爾酮與苯肼在酸性條件下(pH=4~5)加熱回流6h,經(jīng)縮合環(huán)化制得具有良好光電導(dǎo)性能的吡唑啉化合物,產(chǎn)率90%(Scheme 4)[27].
Scheme 4
El-Rayyes將對(duì)苯二甲醛與芳香甲基酮生成的查爾酮與肼、苯肼或甲基肼反應(yīng)也可生成相應(yīng)的吡唑啉衍生物,產(chǎn)率81%~87% (Scheme 5)[28].
Scheme 5
在乙酸和乙醇混合液中,將1-(3’-吲哚基)-3-(4”-氰基苯基)-2-丙烯-1-酮和苯肼回流36h,可生成1-苯基-3-(3’-吲哚基)-5-(4’-氰基苯基)-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率58%[29-30].同樣條件下,王忠義等[31]也合成了一系列吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率37%~67%.
在吡唑啉環(huán)的4位上引入三唑基或咪唑基,具有明顯的殺菌和植物激素活性.1,3-二芳基-2-三唑或咪唑基丙烯酮與(取代)苯肼反應(yīng),在三乙胺/乙醇中僅得到反式異構(gòu)體,在醋酸中產(chǎn)物卻幾乎為等量的順?lè)串悩?gòu)混合體[32].在進(jìn)一步的研究過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果:(Z)或(E)-1,3-二芳基-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-丙烯-1-酮與苯肼在醋酸中反應(yīng)均生成順式和反式吡唑啉異構(gòu)體混合物,但在三乙胺中卻只生成反式異構(gòu)體[33].可能的反應(yīng)機(jī)理是:醋酸中苯肼的α氮原子與烯酮的β烯碳進(jìn)行1,4-加成后,β氨基與羰基碳原子發(fā)生分子內(nèi)的5-Exo-Trig方式關(guān)環(huán)而生成順式和反式吡唑啉化合物,而在三乙胺中,1,4-加成更傾向于生成熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的過(guò)渡態(tài)反式吡唑啉化合物.
在三乙胺中,將鹽酸苯肼和含有異惡唑環(huán)的丙烯酮于60℃反應(yīng)10h,也可成功將異惡唑環(huán)引入吡唑啉的3位,產(chǎn)率51%~83%(Scheme 6)[34].
Scheme 6
微波技術(shù)應(yīng)用在有機(jī)合成中可提高反應(yīng)速率,簡(jiǎn)化操作步驟,增加反應(yīng)選擇性,提高產(chǎn)率,易純化等,是實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色有機(jī)合成的一種重要手段[35-36].Kidwai[37]首次將微波輻射應(yīng)用于2-吡唑啉的合成.以醋酸為溶劑微波輻射反應(yīng)3min,1-苯基-3-苯基-5-(4’-甲氧基)苯基-2-吡唑啉和1-苯基-3-(4’-溴)苯基-5-(3’,4’-亞甲基二氧苯基)-2-吡唑啉產(chǎn)率由無(wú)微波輻射時(shí)的68%和48%提高到78%和72%,以堿性三氧化鋁為載體微波輻射1.5min,產(chǎn)率可進(jìn)一步提高到82%和80%.載體和微波輻射的配合使用不僅可以縮短反應(yīng)時(shí)間,提高反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率,還可以避免有機(jī)溶劑的使用.微波輻射下用K2CO3作為催化劑,吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率進(jìn)一步提高到85%~95%[38].廖勇等[39]用微波輻射代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的回流條件,用取代苯肼鹽酸鹽和β-二甲胺基苯丙酮鹽酸鹽反應(yīng),合成了一系列1,3-二苯基吡唑啉類(lèi)化合物,產(chǎn)率41%~89%.李記太等將超聲輻射應(yīng)用于1,3,5-三芳基-2-吡唑啉衍生物的合成,超聲輻射反應(yīng)1.5~3h,產(chǎn)率可高達(dá)83%~96%[40-41].雙查爾酮與苯肼的環(huán)化反應(yīng),經(jīng)超聲輻射2h,相應(yīng)的1,5-二芳基-3-芳乙烯基-2-吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率43%~80%[42].
將2-肼基苯并噻唑和1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮在乙二醇獨(dú)乙醚溶液中回流2h,可生成具有較強(qiáng)熒光性的1-苯并噻唑基-3,5-二苯基吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率81%~84.5%(Scheme 7)[43-49].
Scheme 7
將2-肼基苯并噻唑和呋喃亞甲基苯乙酮在氫氧化鈉/無(wú)水乙醇中回流6h可制得5-呋喃基-1-苯并噻唑基吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率均為51%以上[50].在無(wú)水乙醇和10%氫氧化鈉的等體積混合溶液中,加入2-肼基苯并噻唑與1-(3-吲哚基)-3-(2-呋喃基)-2-丙烯-1-酮回流5h可得5-(2-呋喃基)-3-(3-吲哚基)-1-(2-苯并噻唑)-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率54%~62%(Scheme 8)[51].
Scheme 8
同樣條件下,用取代苯甲醛和3-吲哚基乙酮制得的烯酮與2-肼基苯并噻唑縮合環(huán)化可生成5-苯基-3-(3-吲哚基)-1-(2-苯并噻唑)-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率46%~58%(Scheme 9)[52].
Scheme 9
將對(duì)氨基芐叉苯乙酮和2-肼基苯并噻唑或2-肼基苯并咪唑在乙二醇獨(dú)乙醚溶液中回流,可得到3-苯環(huán)上帶有-NH2的吡唑啉化合物[53].2-肼基苯并噻唑和烯酮在無(wú)水乙醇中,回流反應(yīng)6~7h,可合成一系列2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率為51%~69%[54-55].同樣條件下,2-肼基苯并噻唑和1-苯基-3-(3-噻吩基)-2-丙烯-1-酮或3-苯基-1-(2-噻吩基)-2-丙烯-1-酮回流反應(yīng)6h,可合成1-(2-苯并噻唑)-3-苯基-5-(3-噻吩基)-2-吡唑啉(BPTP)和1-(2-苯并噻唑)-3-(2-噻吩基)-5-苯基-2-吡唑啉(BTPP),產(chǎn)率分別為62%和69%[56].總體來(lái)說(shuō),2-肼基苯并噻唑和烯酮在乙二醇獨(dú)乙醚中比在無(wú)水乙醇或無(wú)水乙醇-氫氧化鈉混合溶液中縮短一定的反應(yīng)時(shí)間.
將氯代芳基丙烯酮與肼在醋酸中回流反應(yīng)3h,得到氯代3,5-二芳基-2-吡唑啉衍生物,產(chǎn)率為65%~93%[57].齊傳民等將 -(對(duì)二甲氨基苯亞甲基)-環(huán)戊酮與肼在冰醋酸為溶劑的沸水浴中加熱攪拌3h,然后常溫放置14h,相應(yīng)的雙環(huán)吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率為61.5%(Scheme 10)[58].
Scheme 10
將肼逐滴加入1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮的醋酸溶液然后回流8h,相應(yīng)吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率為62%~82%[59-61].結(jié)果表明某些吡唑啉具有抑制單胺氧化酶等功能[59].3-位苯環(huán)上不含取代基的吡唑啉對(duì)P-糖蛋白有較好的親和力[60].
1,3-二萘基-2-丙烯-1-酮與肼在90~100℃的無(wú)水醋酸中回流7h,得到3,5-二萘取代的-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率為47%~85%(Scheme 11)[62].若改用微波輻射[63],相應(yīng)吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率提高到82%~99%.
Scheme 11
β-萘基取代氨基查爾酮在少量冰醋酸的催化下與質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為90%的水合肼環(huán)化可生成1-乙酰基-3-(β-氨基萘)-5-取代芳基-2-吡唑啉,收率40%~50%[64].
將查爾酮溶解在乙醇中,逐滴加入肼,加熱回流7h,吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率為44%~92%[65].Palaska等則用1,3-二苯基-2-丙烯-1-酮和肼直接在乙醇中回流4h后靜置過(guò)夜,制得系列3,5-二苯基-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率在75%以上.苯環(huán)3位甲氧基的引入使得吡唑啉有較好的抗沮喪活性[66].溶解在醋酸中的1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮逐滴加入溶于乙醇的肼中,在120℃攪拌24h也可合成一系列取代的3,5-二苯基-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率為52%~90%[67].
2004年,Rani等將1-吲哚基-3-芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮與質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為99%的水合肼混合在無(wú)水乙醇中,加入幾滴冰醋酸回流6~7h,產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)率為25%~75%[68].
1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮與肼在乙醇中回流1h可合成殺蟲(chóng)劑3,5-二苯基-1-苯氨羰基-2-吡唑啉(Scheme 12).吡唑啉環(huán)的5位被取代基取代時(shí),不但能夠提高其產(chǎn)率而且可以改善其殺蟲(chóng)活性[50].
Scheme 12
將4-氯-2-苯基苯乙酮和甲醛反應(yīng)后,與水合肼在丙醇中回流3h,可成功制得3-(4-氯苯基)-4-苯基吡唑啉,進(jìn)而在無(wú)水乙醚中與4-氯苯基異氰酸酯縮合得到3-(4-氯苯基)-1-(4-氯苯基氨基甲?;?4-苯基-2-吡唑啉(Scheme 13).此類(lèi)化合物可作為高效殺蟲(chóng)劑的先導(dǎo)化合物,用于對(duì)其他殺蟲(chóng)劑產(chǎn)生抗性的昆蟲(chóng)有很好的活性[70].
Scheme 13
2-肼基苯并咪唑和芐叉苯乙酮在乙二醇獨(dú)乙醚溶液中回流3h,可以制得1-苯并咪唑基-3,5-苯基吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率72%,為偏綠光蘭色熒光化合物.如果在吡唑啉環(huán)的1位引入的是苯并噻唑基,得到的是偏蘭色的熒光化合物[71].
Budakoti等將1,3-二芳基-2-丙烯-1-酮、硫代氨基脲及氫氧化鈉的混合物在乙醇中回流8h合成了1-硫代氨基甲?;?3,5-二芳基-2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率8%~18%(Scheme 14)[72].而在同樣條件下 Turan-Zitouni等可將產(chǎn)率提高到62%~82%[73].
Scheme 14
在微波輻射下堿性氧化鋁固載碳酸鉀催化下,反應(yīng)7~9min,1-氨基硫羰基-3,5-二苯基-2-吡唑啉的產(chǎn)率60%~85%[74].
3-苯甲叉基-6-氯苯并二氫吡喃-4-酮用無(wú)水乙醇溶解后加入苯肼鹽酸鹽,回流8h,放置過(guò)夜,得到苯并二氫吡喃并[4,3-c]-2-吡唑啉衍生物[75],均具有藍(lán)色熒光性能.
Scheme 15
Xie等[76]利用三氟甲磺酸催化,通過(guò)1,3偶極環(huán)加成合成了一系列取代吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率46%~91%(Scheme 16).
Scheme 16
Yar等在冰醋酸中合成了一系列1-?;?2-吡唑啉,產(chǎn)率65%~90%[77],均具有較好的抗結(jié)核分枝桿菌H37Rv活性.在醋酸催化下,Yar等[78]將查爾酮與INH(異煙肼)在乙醇中反應(yīng)8~14h,成功合成了1-位含有吡啶環(huán)的2-吡唑啉(Scheme 17),產(chǎn)率65%~94%,其中5-位苯環(huán)上帶有鹵素的產(chǎn)物抗結(jié)核分枝桿菌H37Rv活性比較好.
Scheme 17
2007年,Bai等[79]改用鹽酸催化將查爾酮溶解于乙二醇獨(dú)乙醚后加入苯肼,室溫或加熱攪拌2~24h,合成了4種典型的熒光染料化合物:1,3-二苯基-5-(4-氯苯基)-2-吡唑啉 (DCP),1,5-二苯基-3-聯(lián)苯基-2-吡唑啉 (DBP),1,5-二苯基-3-(N-乙基咔唑-3-基)-2-吡唑啉(DEP),和1-苯基-3-(N-乙基咔唑-3-乙烯基)-5-(N-乙基咔唑-6-基)-2-吡唑啉(PEEP),產(chǎn)率40%~80%.
將查爾酮和水合肼在70℃的無(wú)水乙醇中先制得2-吡唑啉,然后用聚合物固載的堿處理可進(jìn)一步合成多種N-取代的2-吡唑啉衍生物,產(chǎn)率65%~89%[80].另外,2-吡唑啉類(lèi)化合物還可以由Mannich堿與氨基硫脲環(huán)化、二溴代查爾酮與芳氧基酰肼等[81-83]的方法來(lái)合成.
2-吡唑啉在雜環(huán)化學(xué)和有機(jī)化學(xué)中均占有重要的地位,因此此類(lèi)化合物的合成研究對(duì)尋找新型抗菌劑和殺蟲(chóng)藥物具有重要的理論意義及應(yīng)用價(jià)值.尋求高效、廉價(jià)的催化體系和環(huán)境友好的合成方法仍將是有機(jī)合成工作者研究的重點(diǎn).從滿(mǎn)足環(huán)境的要求和降低有機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)換的成本觀點(diǎn)出發(fā),將高聚物固載催化劑以及超聲波和微波應(yīng)用于2-吡唑啉衍生物的合成更具有前景.
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Progress in synthesis of 2-pyrazoline derivatives
LIN Zhi-ping,QIAO Feng-xia
(Department of Biology and Chemistry,Baoding University,Baoding 071000,China)
2-Pyrazoline compounds are extremely important aza-pentacyclic compounds in organic synthesis and other field.The progress in synthesis of pyrazoline derivatives with different substituents was reviewed in recent years.
2-pyrazoline;organic synthesis;review
O643.32
A
1000-1565(2012)03-0326-11
2012-02-01
河北省教育廳資助項(xiàng)目(Z2010101);保定學(xué)院資助項(xiàng)目(2009002)
藺志平(1976-),女,河北靈壽人,保定學(xué)院講師,理學(xué)博士,主要從事有機(jī)合成化學(xué)研究.
E-mail:linzhiping888999@126.com
梁俊紅)