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視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞損傷機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展

2012-08-15 00:43易敬林
眼科新進(jìn)展 2012年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:藍(lán)光色素氧化應(yīng)激

蔡 莉 易敬林

正常情況下,視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)完整對維持正常視網(wǎng)膜功能非常重要,RPE細(xì)胞一旦死亡便不能再生,只有依靠鄰近RPE細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)張和移行來填補(bǔ)缺損區(qū)。而RPE細(xì)胞的損傷或增殖在許多視網(wǎng)膜疾病的發(fā)病過程中起著重要的作用,它主要參與了年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)、糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)、視網(wǎng)膜色素變性(retintis pigmentosa,RP)、增生性玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜病變(proliferative vitreoretinopathy,PVR)等疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。因此,研究這些病理過程以明確RPE細(xì)胞損傷的機(jī)制是一種新的方法。Esser等[1]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)體外培養(yǎng)的人RPE細(xì)胞表達(dá)細(xì)胞凋亡受體CD95。進(jìn)一步研究證明,光照和氧化可降低RPE細(xì)胞活性和Bcl-2表達(dá),并可以增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)和 Bax 表達(dá)[2]。Du 等[3]用無血清、葡萄糖和含氧的培養(yǎng)基模擬缺血狀態(tài)培養(yǎng)RPE細(xì)胞,檢測到在缺血狀態(tài)下參與凋亡的Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9活性增高,證實(shí)缺血可以誘導(dǎo)RPE細(xì)胞凋亡。

1 氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)

氧化應(yīng)激損傷是許多眼科疾病的病理過程之一,目前認(rèn)為與吸煙相關(guān)性最高,包括強(qiáng)光、營養(yǎng)障礙和遺傳因素等都能導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生。最新研究顯示:年齡、氧化損傷和親氧化劑溶酶體脂褐素積累會導(dǎo)致AMD的RPE細(xì)胞功能下降[4]。其機(jī)制包括自由基損害、鈣超載和內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)酰胺(ceramide,CM)途徑的激活等。RPE細(xì)胞正常情況下就能產(chǎn)生相對高濃度的氧自由基;與此同時(shí),隨著年齡的增加,機(jī)體自身抗氧化機(jī)制逐漸減弱。因此,在許多眼科疾病中RPE細(xì)胞的功能障礙早期出現(xiàn)。隨著AMD研究的進(jìn)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)AMD的RPE細(xì)胞早期損傷與細(xì)胞凋亡有密切關(guān)系。Qian等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化劑H2O2可誘導(dǎo)人RPE細(xì)胞高水平凋亡,胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)第二信使CM的含量同時(shí)增高;還有研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)HMG-CoA因子、ADP-核糖聚合酶可以保護(hù)氧化應(yīng)激損傷引起的細(xì)胞損傷和凋亡[6],OT-551可以保護(hù)光損傷大鼠RPE[7],并且通過暗適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)可以減少視網(wǎng)膜脫離引起的 RPE損傷[8]。活性蛋白激酶(JNK、P38和ASK1)和AMD小鼠模型的RPE細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的ROS也會導(dǎo)致RPE細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。

2 藍(lán)光損傷機(jī)制

藍(lán)光是造成RPE損傷的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,視網(wǎng)膜光損傷分為I級損傷和Ⅱ級損傷,藍(lán)光主要引起Ⅱ級損傷。Roehlecke等[10]在1966年首先發(fā)現(xiàn)一定量的可見光可引起實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠的視網(wǎng)膜損傷。適宜的藍(lán)色光照射劑量顯著減少人ARPE-19細(xì)胞代謝活性,并且會增加ROS在細(xì)胞內(nèi)水平。Seko等[11]報(bào)道,大鼠RPE細(xì)胞在高強(qiáng)度藍(lán)光照射下會出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞壞死,體外培養(yǎng)豬RPE細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)熒光增多、脂褐質(zhì)成分增加。用藍(lán)光照射體外培養(yǎng)的人RPE細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),RPE細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)損傷,損傷程度呈光照強(qiáng)度和光照時(shí)間依賴性[12]。后進(jìn)一步證實(shí)這種損傷過程與線粒體膜電位降低、細(xì)胞色素C釋放有關(guān)。最近有報(bào)道Acry-Sof天然過濾器(紫外和藍(lán)色光過濾生色)可降低藍(lán)光誘導(dǎo)人的RPE細(xì)胞凋亡[13],那么我們可以進(jìn)一步探討這種過濾器的濾過藍(lán)光的成分,并把它緊密與臨床相結(jié)合,探索出減少藍(lán)光損傷的臨床應(yīng)用的裝置。

3 高糖

持續(xù)的缺氧和高糖狀態(tài)可造成RPE細(xì)胞不同程度的損傷,導(dǎo)致DR的發(fā)生發(fā)展。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高糖可以造成RPE細(xì)胞的損傷,在山羊視網(wǎng)膜周細(xì)胞,色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)通過激活PI3K/Akt;進(jìn)而下調(diào)高血糖誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[14]。高濃度葡萄糖可以引起培養(yǎng)的人RPE細(xì)胞氧化損傷,使細(xì)胞形態(tài)和活力發(fā)生變化,損傷的機(jī)制可能是高糖誘導(dǎo)RPE細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生大量ROS,同時(shí)使細(xì)胞抗氧化能力下降,激活RPE細(xì)胞p38MAPK,經(jīng)過細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),過量ROS通過細(xì)胞毒作用和細(xì)胞抑制作用造成RPE細(xì)胞損傷,參與DR的發(fā)生發(fā)展[15]。

4 機(jī)械牽拉、高鈣

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),機(jī)械牽拉是RPE細(xì)胞的損傷因素,機(jī)械牽拉RPE細(xì)胞能顯著增加Ca2+內(nèi)流,Ca2+內(nèi)流可能是RPE細(xì)胞損傷前的信號[16]。而且體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載是高濃度H2O2誘導(dǎo)人ARPE-19細(xì)胞凋亡的關(guān)鍵一步[17]。與此同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),P2X受體,特別是P2X7受體通過激活A(yù)TP和BzATP誘導(dǎo)的Ca2+信號導(dǎo)致RPE細(xì)胞凋亡[18]。最近一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示:單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白(MCP)-1激活的單核細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)人RPE細(xì)胞凋亡與Ca2+、活性氧(ROS)參與有關(guān)[19]。以上結(jié)果都表明,機(jī)械牽拉和高鈣都有可能是造成RPE細(xì)胞損傷的因素。

5 脂質(zhì)沉積

為了明確脂褐質(zhì)對RPE細(xì)胞功能的影響,有實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)在體外培養(yǎng)的RPE細(xì)胞中加入感光細(xì)胞外節(jié)(photoreceptor outer segments,POS)后,改變 Ca2+濃度可以啟動RPE細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂褐素的積累,使RPE細(xì)胞中脂褐質(zhì)積累增加,進(jìn)而造成RPE細(xì)胞功能的損傷[20-21]。

6 RP

RP是感光細(xì)胞損失導(dǎo)致的遺傳性視網(wǎng)膜營養(yǎng)障礙疾病,本病為一種嚴(yán)重遺傳病,目前對于限制疾病的進(jìn)展和恢復(fù)視覺尚無特效療法。最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RPE細(xì)胞可能是影響RP中RNA剪接因子的主要細(xì)胞類型[22],這意味著RPE細(xì)胞可能在RP疾病中承擔(dān)著重要角色。

7 小結(jié)

總之,隨著年齡逐漸增長,人體內(nèi)RPE細(xì)胞內(nèi)線粒體功能下降、黑色素含量持續(xù)減少,而脂褐素含量不斷增加,RPE細(xì)胞對氧化應(yīng)激、藍(lán)光損傷、缺血缺氧及Ca2+濃度的變化變得更加敏感,并且損傷后RPE細(xì)胞功能障礙很難恢復(fù)。最近有研究在MRL/MpJ小鼠可見RPE細(xì)胞的損傷修復(fù)[23]。這些結(jié)果表明,如果視網(wǎng)膜損傷嚴(yán)重,內(nèi)源性再生是無效的,并最終可能需要輔助移植治療,為內(nèi)源性骨髓修復(fù)受損的視網(wǎng)膜組織細(xì)胞替代療法在眼科的應(yīng)用提供新的可能[24-27]。線粒體、脂褐素和黑色素的年齡相關(guān)性改變,在一定程度上促進(jìn)了一些老年性疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,如AMD。全身循環(huán)的造血干細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)在RPE細(xì)胞損傷的小鼠模型的視網(wǎng)膜下,并明確為RPE-65[28]。探討RPE細(xì)胞病理機(jī)制,我們可以明確與RPE損傷相關(guān)的視網(wǎng)膜疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制,探討治療視網(wǎng)膜疾病的新途徑。探討RPE細(xì)胞的損傷機(jī)制可以為損傷因子的抑制劑在臨床的應(yīng)用提供動物實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。因此,積極探索視網(wǎng)膜光損傷的病理機(jī)制,對于制定有效的防治措施、降低玻璃體視網(wǎng)膜相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)病率均具有重要的意義。

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22 Graziotto JJ,F(xiàn)arkas MH,Bujakowska K,Deramaudt BM,Zhang Q,Nandrot EF,et al.Three gene-targeted mouse models of RNA splicing factor RP show late-onset RPE and retinal degeneration[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011,52(1):190-198.

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24 Li Y,Atmaca-Sonmez P,Schanie CL,Ildstad ST,Kaplan HJ,Enzmann V.Endogenous bone marrow derived cells express retinal pigment epithelium cell markers and migrate to focal areas of RPE damage[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2007,48(9):4321-4327.

25 Li Y,Reca RG,Atmaca-Sonmez P,Ratajczak MZ,Ildstad ST,Kaplan HJ,et al.Retinal pigment epithelium damage enhances expression of chemoattractants and migration of bone marrow-derived stem cells[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2006,47(4):1646-1652.

26 Harris JR,Brown GA,Jorgensen M,Kaushal S,Ellis EA,Grant MB,et al.Bone marrow-derived cells home to and regenerate retinal pigment epithelium after injury[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2006,47(5):2108-2113.

27 Machalin'ska A,Klos P,Baumert B,Báskiewicz M,Kawa M,Rudnicki M ,et al.Stem cells are mobilized from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation in response to retinal pigment epithelium damage--a pathophysiological attempt to induce endogenous regeneration[J].Curr Eye Res,2011,36(7):663-672.

28 Atmaca-Sonmez P,Li Y,Yamauchi Y,Schanie CL,Ildstad ST,Kaplan HJ,et al.Systemically transferred hematopoietic stem cells home to the subretinal space and express RPE-65 in a mouse model of retinal pigment epithelium damage[J].Exp Eye Res,2006,83(5):1295-1302.

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