傅思睿 陸驪工
靜脈血栓(VTE),包括深靜脈血栓(DVT)和肺栓塞(PE),在DVT病例中,大部分血栓發(fā)生在下肢。VTE的發(fā)病率從95/100,000到387/100,000不等,男性發(fā)病率高于女性[1-2]。
DVT的診斷中,靜脈造影被公認(rèn)為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],然而,其侵入性及昂貴性限制了在臨床應(yīng)用。所以一些非侵入性檢查逐漸用于DVT的篩查。
1.1 臨床評(píng)估 Wells PS等根據(jù)臨床實(shí)踐,建立了Wells篩查量表[(4]表1)。此外,Oudega等[5]也創(chuàng)立了一套初診評(píng)分量表用于評(píng)估DVT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(表2)。van der Velde EF等的研究顯示這兩套量表單獨(dú)使用的效果與超聲相當(dāng),且聯(lián)用有助于進(jìn)一步減小漏診率[6]。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查 D-二聚體是檢查血液凝固狀態(tài)的重要指標(biāo)。
多組研究發(fā)現(xiàn),D-二聚體診斷的敏感性極高,以0.5ng/mL為臨界值,其敏感性達(dá)92%~100%,因而其陰性預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確率(NPV)也高達(dá)94.8%~100%[7-8]。D-二聚體的陰性結(jié)果可在不依賴(lài)超聲檢查的前提下排除DVT診斷[7]。然而,由于多種原因可導(dǎo)致D-二聚體升高,故而其難以單獨(dú)被用于DVT的確診[9]。
1.3 超聲診斷 在Goodacre等[10]的分析中,超聲診斷的總體敏感性為:近端95%,遠(yuǎn)端63.5%,特異性為93.8%,他們同時(shí)提出,對(duì)于那些旨在排查近端DVT的患者,壓迫式超聲是最佳選擇,而對(duì)于那些有DVT高危因素,或排查遠(yuǎn)端DVT的患者,雙功或三功超聲是最佳選擇。
既往的超聲診斷中,有兩種不同的診斷策略,即兩點(diǎn)法(在腹股溝和腘窩兩端進(jìn)行超聲掃描)和整體法(掃描整個(gè)腿部血管),Bernardi等[11]比較了這兩種方法,其結(jié)果并無(wú)明顯差異。同時(shí),一些研究表明:當(dāng)結(jié)合DVT臨床表現(xiàn)時(shí),超聲檢查的準(zhǔn)確率會(huì)有所提高[10]。
1.4 綜合診斷 有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,D-二聚體結(jié)果陰性+Wells評(píng)分為低??膳懦鼶VT診斷,而無(wú)需參照超聲檢查結(jié)果[12-13]。
Michiels等[14]建議:如加壓超聲顯像(CUS)結(jié)果陰性且Wells評(píng)分為低危者,無(wú)需進(jìn)行連續(xù)的超聲隨訪;CUS結(jié)果陰性但Wells評(píng)分為中危者,需要連續(xù)性的超聲隨訪;而對(duì)于Wells評(píng)分為高危者,即使其初診超聲為陰性,也需進(jìn)行連續(xù)性超聲隨訪或造影檢查。
下肢深靜脈的治療方法,包含外科手術(shù)、抗凝治療、介入治療(包括溶栓、取栓、濾器、球囊擴(kuò)張)等,其中,外科手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、愈合慢、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,應(yīng)用較少,本文主要將后兩種治療方法介紹如下:
2.1 抗凝治療 長(zhǎng)期的臨床研究證明,抗凝治療(以肝素、低分子肝素和華法林為代表)可有效改善DVT患者的血流狀態(tài)并防止再發(fā)。指南認(rèn)為應(yīng)使國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)達(dá)到2~3[15],對(duì)于肝素的研究表明,與普通肝素(UFH)相比,低分子肝素(LMWHs)抗凝效果更好而副作用更低[16]。但在抗凝過(guò)程中,需注意蛋白C的變化以預(yù)防下肢壞疽[17]。
對(duì)于有明確高危因素的DVT患者,3個(gè)月的抗凝即可[18],而對(duì)于無(wú)明確高危因素的DVT患者,需在抗凝3個(gè)月后,充分評(píng)估其再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方可停藥[15]。同時(shí),對(duì)于DVT患者,停用抗凝治療30±10天后高D-二聚體、凝血因子Ⅷ及sP選擇蛋白血漿濃度,以及B超復(fù)查血栓殘留(RVT)的發(fā)現(xiàn)與DVT復(fù)發(fā)具有正相關(guān)性[19]。特別是RVT存在時(shí),抗凝可長(zhǎng)達(dá)1~2年之久[19]。
表1 Wells量表
表2 初診評(píng)分量表
2.2 介入治療 隨著介入技術(shù)的發(fā)展,溶栓、取栓、深靜脈濾器和球囊擴(kuò)張等為其提供了多樣化的選擇。其中尤其以溶栓療效最佳,被國(guó)胸科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)最新的針對(duì)血栓疾病抗凝治療的循證醫(yī)學(xué)指南(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)指南)列為首選[15]。
2.3 溶栓治療 Schweizer等[20]包含250例患者的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),與傳統(tǒng)抗凝治療相比,系統(tǒng)性溶栓治療DVT時(shí),血管再通率高,且栓塞后綜合征發(fā)生率低,術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量好,但是有可能導(dǎo)致更高的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Mewissen等[21]較早報(bào)道了導(dǎo)管引導(dǎo)下溶栓治療(CDT)的可在不明顯增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的前提下提高局部藥物濃度,并提出了溶栓療效分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(表3)。指南認(rèn)為:近端DVT、預(yù)期生存期>1年,癥狀出現(xiàn)<14天、基礎(chǔ)狀況良好者可予導(dǎo)管引導(dǎo)下溶栓治療[15]。
表3 溶栓療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Mewissen MW等[21]平均用藥量為尿激酶7.8萬(wàn)單位,且遠(yuǎn)端DVT患者的用藥劑量和時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)于近端DVT患者。徐琳等[22]認(rèn)為,DVT患者行CDT治療時(shí),間斷沖擊給藥(重組鏈激酶50萬(wàn)IU/d,3h內(nèi)泵入)療效更好。顧建平等[23]建議溶栓劑選用尿激酶,每日25~100萬(wàn)單位,總劑量為200~800萬(wàn)單位,并指出停藥指證為:⑴PT和APTT>正常值的2.5倍或FIB<15000g/L;⑵患肢腫脹消退或明顯消退,造影證實(shí)血栓消失;⑶溶栓抗凝治療3天無(wú)效。
2.4 血栓抽吸治療 Oguzkurt等[24]認(rèn)為機(jī)械溶栓(PMT)單獨(dú)應(yīng)用于DVT的治療可取得與CDT相同的療效。Shi等[25]則認(rèn)為,PMT可與CDT聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,以減少溶栓所需藥物的劑量和療程。Vedantham等[26]特別指出,PMT因術(shù)后血栓殘留不宜單獨(dú)應(yīng)用于DV。
因而,關(guān)于PMT的應(yīng)用,指南指出其僅適用于癥狀出現(xiàn)小于7天、基礎(chǔ)情況良好,預(yù)期生存期>1年,且有溶栓禁忌證的患者[15]。
2.5 下腔靜脈濾器(IVC)及球囊擴(kuò)張的應(yīng)用 因?yàn)榉胖肈VT會(huì)導(dǎo)致的PE的發(fā)生,故IVC被大規(guī)模應(yīng)用于DVT患者[27]。然而,有文獻(xiàn)表明,IVC并能未降低PE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[28]。因此IVC不應(yīng)常規(guī)放置[15],即使放置,也應(yīng)盡量選擇臨時(shí)性或可取出的濾器[29],且術(shù)后應(yīng)盡早開(kāi)始抗凝治療[30]。對(duì)于可回收濾器,取出時(shí)間一般不超過(guò)1個(gè)月[31]。
關(guān)于球囊擴(kuò)張,有報(bào)道其作為CDT的輔助技術(shù),有助于溶栓效果的提高[32]。尚未見(jiàn)大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)其在DVT中的應(yīng)用及療效。
綜上所述,對(duì)于DVT而言,準(zhǔn)確的早期篩查和診斷、持續(xù)的指標(biāo)監(jiān)測(cè)是十分必要的。同時(shí)完善的溶栓和抗凝治療方案特別是介入性溶栓治療,可以提高患者的療效,預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)并減少后遺癥的出現(xiàn)。
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