雨友 張玨
陸羽《茶經(jīng)·八之出》中寫道,“浙西以湖州上,常州次,宣州、杭州、睦州、歙州下,潤州、蘇州又下”,原注:“杭州臨安、於潛二縣生天目山,與舒州同;錢塘生天竺、靈隱二寺;睦州生桐廬縣山谷?!比绱擞邢薜钠鶃韺懖瓒己贾?,用今天的話來講,只不過是“織”了一條“圍脖”(微博)而已。
然而,陸羽還留給杭州西湖兩篇記文——《天竺靈隱二寺記》和《武林山記》(以下簡稱“西湖二記”)。它們,千百年來熠熠生輝于杭州的本土歷史文獻(xiàn)叢中,且自古至今一直處于“進(jìn)行時”。
如今,西湖已經(jīng)作為“世界文化景觀”成功列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》。此時此際,重讀“西湖二記”,追尋“茶圣”陸羽留在茶都的文采風(fēng)流,別有一番意義。
1200多年前,茶圣蒞臨杭州
在唐代宗大歷六年到十四年(771—779)間的一天,一位年紀(jì)約摸四十歲的中年人,頭戴圓箬笠,身穿粗麻織成的短上衣,系著形如犢鼻的圍裙,腳穿藤皮編的鞋履,斜背一只布囊,盡管旅途勞頓卻依舊風(fēng)度儒雅地端坐在一條小航船上,行經(jīng)大唐浙西道杭州的錢塘湖(西湖)北部水面。
當(dāng)這位湖船客乘坐的小航船經(jīng)過如今稱為孤山的西湖上唯一天然也是最大島嶼的南岸時,他讓舟子在岸旁停泊,自己上岸瀏覽島上的永福寺(俗稱孤山寺,宋以后改額廣化寺),祭拜過寺里的辟支佛骨塔之后,轉(zhuǎn)身回到航船上,一面聆聽著回響于青山綠水間的“棹歌”聲聲,一面繼續(xù)水上行程,抵達(dá)錢塘湖(西湖)西北岸武林水干流(今稱金沙澗)注入西湖的湖灣口,在一株臨水老柳樹下系舟登岸。
順著流水潺潺的山溪,穿過長松蔽日、綠染衣袂的幽幽山道,這位來客,朝著漸行漸高的溪流上游方向一路疾步而去,直到他興沖沖地抵達(dá)地處岔路口的一座倚山臨澗、跨路而立的大坊門前,才停下腳步。他一面解下背囊,長長地吁了口氣,一面在心中默言道:“天竺寺,靈隱寺,我終于看到你們了?!?/p>
這位湖上來客,就是陸羽。
有學(xué)者在所撰《陸羽年譜》中認(rèn)為,陸羽于大歷五年(770),從湖州往越州(今浙江紹興)謁官居浙東節(jié)度使的尚書郎鮑防,途中經(jīng)過杭州時初到西湖武林(靈隱)山中并撰“西湖二記”。
茶圣陸羽初次來到杭州西湖武林山中,考察茶事、山水與古跡,距今,已經(jīng)足足超過1200個年頭了!
茶圣留給杭州“西湖二記”
西湖文化發(fā)展史上,陸羽是最早把茶的出產(chǎn)與山水勝景、人文古跡一并加以考察、記錄和評述的先行者。他在《茶經(jīng)》卷下“八之出”述及浙西產(chǎn)茶時稱“錢塘生天竺、靈隱二寺”;在“西湖二記”中,則記載了“靈隱禪蹤”景區(qū)(也是西湖最早產(chǎn)茶區(qū)域)的一批名勝古跡。
遺憾的是,陸羽“西湖二記”的全文,與茶圣的其他幾十種原創(chuàng)著述“命運(yùn)”相同,早在北宋之后就已散佚不傳。幸好,我們還能從南宋王象之《輿地紀(jì)勝》、陳仁玉等《淳祐臨安志》(殘本)和潛說友《咸淳臨安志》這三種史志讀到引錄的17條“西湖二記”的原文約300字。這些遺文的內(nèi)涵,涉及杭州一批具有獨(dú)立名目的古老的山水景觀和人文勝跡,它們主要集中在今“靈隱禪蹤”景區(qū),以及西湖北岸地帶。
盡管“西湖二記”僅僅是以遺文逸句、只言片語的形式留傳后世的“滄海遺珠”,但它們所保存的西湖文化景觀最早發(fā)祥地也即“武林山”或“靈隱山”一帶的山水歷史和人文景觀信息,內(nèi)涵豐富,線索繁多,其中不乏至今仍為人津津樂道的著名景觀。這是茶圣陸羽留給西湖的一份水光山色融茶香的彌足珍貴的“遺產(chǎn)”。
2009年,“中國杭州西湖文化景觀”申報(bào)“世界文化遺產(chǎn)”的文本言及“西湖文化史跡”時寫道:“‘西湖景觀在上千年的持續(xù)演變過程中,由于政治、歷史、區(qū)位的原因,更因其特有的景觀吸引力和文化魅力,融匯和吸附了大量的中國儒釋道主流文化的各類史跡?!标懹稹拔骱洝保ㄟz文)的豐富內(nèi)涵,正是從傳世文獻(xiàn)的角度與類型,為上引論說提供了古樸、珍貴且非常有說服力的例證。
陸羽撰寫的涉及杭州西湖的著述,不只是《茶經(jīng)》和“西湖二記”,至今有篇名可考的,還有《道標(biāo)傳》及《靈隱寺碑記》兩篇,可惜它們的文字內(nèi)容,同樣也早已散失。惟有《道標(biāo)傳》的一小段,由于宋釋贊寧所撰《宋高僧傳》中加以引用而得以傳世,其文云:“竟陵子陸羽云:‘夫日月云霞為天標(biāo),山川草木為地標(biāo),推能歸美為德標(biāo),居閑趣寂為道標(biāo)?!钡罉?biāo),為佛教律宗高僧,富陽人,俗姓秦,護(hù)戒精嚴(yán)。唐永泰年間開始住持南天竺寺(即今西湖下天竺法凈寺),直至長慶三年(823)圓寂。道標(biāo)能詩,與陸羽在湖州的好友、詩僧皎然多有唱和,與陸羽本人也交往甚密。
“西湖二記”對于西湖早期茶產(chǎn)區(qū)和文化景觀內(nèi)涵與意趣(例如“茶禪一味”)的認(rèn)識和評估,對西湖文化景觀的保護(hù)和發(fā)展,具有重要的意義與價值。
《武林山記》中,保存了西湖現(xiàn)存文獻(xiàn)中記述飛來峰神奇來歷最早的文字史料。陸羽《茶經(jīng)》中,早已記載過西湖“茶之源”出在天竺、靈隱二寺。
《天竺靈隱二寺記》記載有“夢謝亭”。夢謝亭,因南朝著名詩人謝靈運(yùn)而得名。陸羽說它“一名客兒亭,在靈隱山間?!?/p>
《天竺靈隱二寺記》還記載有袁君亭與呼猿洞。
同時,“西湖二記”保存至今的以西湖“靈隱禪蹤”勝境為范疇的名勝古跡材料,是研究杭州西湖景觀文化與茶文化互動發(fā)展需要予以特別重視和挖掘的歷史文化信息資源。
“后申遺時代”重讀“西湖二記”
早在兩宋時期,人們對陸羽所撰具有重要?dú)v史文獻(xiàn)價值的“西湖二記”,就極為看重并多方予以闡發(fā)、傳播。
北宋天禧年間,佛教天臺宗山家派名僧遵式住持靈山寺(即今下天竺寺)時,就奏請朝廷將靈山寺復(fù)名為天竺寺,并將《天竺靈隱二寺紀(jì)》刻石立碑。清雍正《西湖志》卷十九“名賢”列有“陸羽”專條,其中通過引錄舊《錢塘縣志》,說他“上元初,隱居苕上,自稱‘桑苧翁。時人方之接輿。嘗寓靈隱山,作《二寺記》,曾镵于石,惜乎不傳?!?/p>
陸羽“西湖二記”的文獻(xiàn)價值,在西湖文化的積累、傳承與發(fā)展史上一直受到重視和反復(fù)征引,尤其是到了1200多年后的今天,“西湖二記”幸存于世的那些看似單薄、零散的文字,完全稱得上是保存西湖早期山水景觀風(fēng)貌、人文勝跡相關(guān)史實(shí)的吉光片羽、信息珠璣。須知,至今留存于世直接記載杭州和西湖山水名勝的歷史文獻(xiàn)或文學(xué)作品,除了南朝宋錢唐令劉道真《錢唐記》的殘存輯佚文字、唐李華《杭州刺史廳壁記》等寥寥數(shù)篇單題文章以及為數(shù)有限的詩人的一些題詠之外,再也找不到像“西湖二記”那樣出自一位極具影響力的文化名人之手、信息量又如此之大的散文著作了。
茶圣的文采風(fēng)流與湖山同在
為先賢或英雄人物樹碑、立傳、造像,是中國文化由來已久的古老傳統(tǒng)與習(xí)俗。為茶圣陸羽造像,是茶葉生產(chǎn)大國和茶文化古國必然會發(fā)生和流播的文化現(xiàn)象與風(fēng)尚。早在中唐,茶商們就用陶土塑造、燒制陸羽的人像,放置在爐灶之間,“祀為茶神”,以求庇佑販茶獲利。如今,在全國的茶鄉(xiāng)和推崇茶文化的城市,陸羽的大型雕像已有數(shù)十座之多,而在傾力打造和進(jìn)一步打響茶都品牌的杭州,近二十年來,也陸續(xù)有好幾座陸羽的雕像先后亮相。
1995年4月,中國茶葉博物館園林式庭院前的草坪上,率先豎起一尊陸羽的立式銅雕像,這是茶都杭州的首座茶圣雕像。細(xì)看這座雕像,但見陸羽發(fā)束璞巾,身著逸士長服,腳著麻鞋,面容清癯、端莊,神情專注、沉著,右手執(zhí)《茶經(jīng)》,眼光注視著左手托舉的茶碗。
1997年4月8日,國家郵政總局(原國家郵電部)發(fā)行《茶》特種郵票一套4枚。4枚郵票的圖名分別是“茶樹”、“茶圣”、“茶器”和“茶會”。其中第二枚(4-2)面值50分,畫面主圖就是立于中國茶葉博物館庭院內(nèi)的這尊茶圣陸羽銅像。
上了《茶》郵票的“茶博”陸羽雕像,由于內(nèi)膽為玻璃鋼結(jié)構(gòu),經(jīng)多年風(fēng)吹雨打,漸漸支撐不起雕像外層青銅材料的重量,進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后,經(jīng)有關(guān)方面慎重研究,決定為“茶博”重新雕造一座陸羽像。
新造陸羽雕像為青銅所鑄,高約2.5米,像的周圍配置有低矮的茶桌,桌面置有茶爐、茶杯等品茗用具。陸羽左手持茶碗,右手握茶書,衣袂飄然,雙目遠(yuǎn)眺群山,神態(tài)若有所思。這座陸羽雕像傳神地表達(dá)出中國茶文化的博大精深,讓經(jīng)過像前的游人紛紛駐足瞻仰。
2007年年底,西湖南岸的浙江美術(shù)館向公眾開放,在其主館東門前的園林綠地中,安放著題名為《茶圣》的雕像。這座雕像是“浙江重大題材美術(shù)創(chuàng)作工程”作品之一,創(chuàng)作并完成于2006年到2007年間?!恫枋ァ返裣衩嫖?、背東而立,高2.1米。作者以寫實(shí)的手法,著力塑造陸羽撰寫《茶經(jīng)》以及“西湖二記”等的學(xué)者形象,尤其注重對茶圣神情、姿態(tài)的描摹刻畫。雕像衣飾表面的雕琢痕跡和微泛綠意的古銅色,賦予茶圣中唐文人悠遠(yuǎn)、淡雅的古韻和俊逸、睿智的風(fēng)采。這件雕塑的主創(chuàng)者是中國美術(shù)學(xué)院教授達(dá)榴生先生。陸羽與浙江關(guān)系之緊密,為世所公認(rèn),在浙江美術(shù)館安放這座《茶圣》雕像,可說是眾望所歸。
在茶都杭州,還有一座陸羽雕像,出現(xiàn)在余杭區(qū)徑山鎮(zhèn)雙溪漂流風(fēng)景區(qū)與陸羽泉隔溪相望的陸羽山莊庭園中。雙溪,是陸羽隱居過的地方。清嘉慶戊辰《余杭縣志》有記:“吳山雙溪路側(cè)有泉,羽著《茶經(jīng)》,品其名次,以為甘冽清香,堪與中泠、惠泉競爽?!?/p>
如今,細(xì)細(xì)品讀茶圣陸羽“西湖二記”的遺文,滿懷崇敬地瞻仰與西湖龍井茶、徑山茶原產(chǎn)地長相廝守的陸羽雕像,人們會更加真切地聯(lián)想起茶圣來去杭州山水之間的匆匆身影,更加深刻地感受到閃耀在《茶經(jīng)》中的真知灼見的光芒。茶圣陸羽留給茶都杭州的文采風(fēng)流,與“西湖龍井”和徑山茶的裊裊茶香氤氳交融,與世界遺產(chǎn)西湖文化景觀相映成輝。
Hangzhou and Tea Sage
By Yu You, Zhang Jue
Lu Yu (733-804) living the Tang Dynasty (618-907) is widely respected as the Sage of Tea for his contribution to Chinese tea culture. He is best known for his “Book of Tea”, presumably the worlds first work on cultivating, cataloguing, making and drinking tea. After doing a thorough research on tea and tea production in Zhejiang and neighboring regions, the scholar penned the epoch-making book in Huzhou, now a city in northern Zhejiang Province. In the book, he briefly mentions Hangzhou twice.
Fortunately, he wrote two detailed travel essays about his visits to Hangzhou. One essay is about his visit to two Buddhist temples hidden smugly in the hills west of the West Lake. The second is about the hills where the two temples are located.
However, the two essays and dozens of his other writings were lost in history. Fortunately again, three history books written in the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) quote the two essays in 17 contexts altogether. The quotations amount approximately to 300 words. The fragments relate what the West Lake looked like in the Tang and what tea undertakings were going on during Lu Yus lifetime.
The UNESCO inscription in 2011 of the West Lake as a world cultural heritage site was made possible partly by various historical documents including the two essays by Lu Yu. In fact, his two essays are of the earliest about the West Lake in history. In 2009, the West Lake Application Committee for the UNESCO status felt lucky to find Lu Yus descriptions of the West Lake among all the historical literature. His essays prove that the West Lake was well known for its scenery and Buddhist
Moreover, his tea-related activities and records across Zhejiang have helped make Hangzhou into Chinas Capital of Tea.
Lu Yu plays a big part in the past of the West Lake. During the Tang Dynasty, Li Mi and Bai Juyi, two leading men of letters of the Tang, served as mayor of Hangzhou respectively and dredged the lake. Lu Yu came before them and his records of tea production and sightseeing sites around the West Lake were valuable even then.
All this explains why there are dozens of Lu Yu statues in cities and rural places across China where tea is major pillars of culture and economy. This also explains why a reverent monk, after he was appointed abbot for Linshan Temple near Lingyin Temple, made a request to the royal house for restoring the name of the temple used in the Tang Dynasty and mentioned by Lu Yu in his essay. That explains why the abbot had Lu Yus essay about the two temples engraved on a stele and had the stele installed in front of Tianzhu Temple.
“The Annals of the West Lake” compiled in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) quotes an entry in “Annals of Qiantang County” about Lu Yu. According to the annals, Lu Yu lived as a hermit in the mountains around Lingyin Temple and his essay about the two temples was lost in history.
Hangzhou has its fair share of the Lu Yu statues. The standing bronze statue of Lu Yu on a lawn of China Tea Museum, established in April 1994, is the first statue of Lu Yu in Hangzhou as the national capital of tea. In 1997, China Postal Service issued a set of four commemorative stamps in honor of Lu Yu. One stamp presented the image of this bronze statue. The old statue of Lu Yu has been replaced by a new one on the same spot.
Zhejiang Art Museum, open to the public toward the end of 2007, has a bronze statue of Lu Yu on a lawn in front of the East Gate of the main building. Another important statue of Lu Yu stands in a mountain resort in Jinshan Mountain. Lu Yu used to live there as a hermit and researcher on tea.