陸夢(mèng)婷

今年是張?jiān)獫?jì)先生誕生145周年。張?jiān)獫?jì)，號(hào)菊生，浙江海鹽人，著名教育家、出版家和文獻(xiàn)學(xué)家，對(duì)我國(guó)文化教育及出版事業(yè)作出卓越貢獻(xiàn)。清末與蔡元培同中進(jìn)士。1902年，張?jiān)獫?jì)進(jìn)入商務(wù)印書(shū)館歷任編譯所所長(zhǎng)、經(jīng)理、董事長(zhǎng)等職；中華人民共和國(guó)成立后，擔(dān)任上海市文史研究館首任館長(zhǎng)，著有《校史隨筆》等。1959年8月14日在上海逝世。

秋色正濃，一墻之隔的海鹽新橋路車(chē)水馬龍，人聲鼎沸，而張?jiān)獫?jì)紀(jì)念館掩映在繁茂的樹(shù)木中，似乎與喧囂的外界隔絕。粉墻黛瓦，池水環(huán)繞，千尾紅鯉，紀(jì)念館透著淡雅的江南韻味。

在海鹽綺園文化區(qū)，張?jiān)獫?jì)圖書(shū)館坐落在這里，而“張?jiān)獫?jì)紀(jì)念館”就在圖書(shū)館的東區(qū)?！皬?jiān)獫?jì)紀(jì)念館”，原名“張?jiān)獫?jì)先生紀(jì)念室”，1987年開(kāi)放，陳列著張?jiān)獫?jì)先生的著作、手稿和生平事跡資料，20多年來(lái)已接待參觀者近10萬(wàn)人次。張?jiān)獫?jì)先生的哲嗣張樹(shù)年先生、嫡孫張人鳳先生、孫女張瓏女士先后捐贈(zèng)了珍貴文物。隨著幾次重修，目前，紀(jì)念館面積已達(dá)1000多平方米。

步入紀(jì)念館的展廳，古銅色的張?jiān)獫?jì)先生雕像映入眼簾。先生坐在藤椅里，拄著拐杖，眼睛凝視著前方。“吾宗張氏，世業(yè)耕讀，愿吾子孫，善守勿替。匪學(xué)何立，匪書(shū)何習(xí)，繼之以勤，圣賢可及”，在雕像的背后，楠木板刻的家訓(xùn)令人印象深刻，這是張?jiān)獫?jì)的十世祖張奇齡立下的。張奇齡是明萬(wàn)歷進(jìn)士，以學(xué)識(shí)淵博馳譽(yù)江南，人稱(chēng)大白先生。在海鹽縣城南門(mén)外烏夜村筑讀書(shū)處“大白居”。后“大白居”拓建，改名“涉園”，并開(kāi)始蓄意藏書(shū)。延綿數(shù)代，“涉園”名重一時(shí)，以藏書(shū)、刻書(shū)、讀書(shū)著稱(chēng)。

張?jiān)獫?jì)就出生于這樣的書(shū)香世家。其父張森玉，清末歷任廣東會(huì)同、陵水（今海南）等縣知縣，娶江蘇武進(jìn)謝煥曾之女為妻。1867年10月25日（清同治六年丁卯九月二十八日），張?jiān)獫?jì)生于廣州。張?jiān)獫?jì)幼時(shí)隨父居住，7歲入塾接受傳統(tǒng)教育，14歲時(shí)隨母返回故鄉(xiāng)浙江海鹽，在縣城虎尾浜的舊屋居住生活。

張?jiān)獫?jì)16歲時(shí)開(kāi)始了科舉考試生涯。后來(lái)，張?jiān)獫?jì)中進(jìn)士，入翰林院任庶吉士。

1898年，清光緒二十四年，這戊戌之年是中國(guó)近代史上值得大書(shū)特書(shū)的一年。維新人士積極組織學(xué)會(huì)，創(chuàng)辦報(bào)刊，講求新學(xué)，宣傳變法，在知識(shí)分子中形成了一種前所未有的新社會(huì)風(fēng)氣。張?jiān)獫?jì)熱心參與維新聚會(huì)，主張維新，并積極投身變法，提倡改革。他向光緒帝上《痛除本病統(tǒng)籌全局以救危亡折》，力主廢科舉，取消八股文等，受到光緒召見(jiàn)。戊戌變法失敗，張?jiān)獫?jì)被“革職永不敘用”。

戊戌變法的失敗使張?jiān)獫?jì)認(rèn)識(shí)到，“任何政治改革強(qiáng)加于冷漠、毫無(wú)生氣和愚昧無(wú)知的大眾，必然毫無(wú)結(jié)果”。百年中國(guó)，許多人都在尋找富強(qiáng)中國(guó)的道路，當(dāng)年知識(shí)分子走上“文化救國(guó)”道路的不在少數(shù)，張?jiān)獫?jì)選擇了出版。他創(chuàng)辦印書(shū)館，創(chuàng)辦講習(xí)班和函授學(xué)校，興辦圖書(shū)館、整理和出版古籍，出版教科書(shū)……

“以扶助教育為己任”的社會(huì)責(zé)任感使得他執(zhí)掌后的商務(wù)印書(shū)館影響了百年中國(guó)的進(jìn)程，商務(wù)印書(shū)館也完成了從印刷工廠到出版巨子的蛻變，成為晚清以來(lái)，普及、傳播新知新學(xué)的文化重鎮(zhèn)，其開(kāi)辟的教材風(fēng)格也成為多年以后無(wú)數(shù)人懷念的范本。

時(shí)至今日，張?jiān)獫?jì)所倡導(dǎo)的“昌明教育，開(kāi)啟民智”依然有著巨大的影響。今年4月26日，為紀(jì)念張?jiān)獫?jì)先生誕辰145周年，海鹽舉行第四屆張?jiān)獫?jì)學(xué)術(shù)思想研討會(huì)。在會(huì)上，香港聯(lián)合出版集團(tuán)總裁陳萬(wàn)雄認(rèn)為，張?jiān)獫?jì)將文化出版理念與企業(yè)精神完美融于一身，對(duì)中國(guó)近現(xiàn)代出版乃至文化教育居功至偉，“我們緬懷他，更應(yīng)該從中挖掘出對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)乃至未來(lái)中國(guó)文化發(fā)展可資借鑒的寶貴財(cái)富。”中國(guó)出版集團(tuán)副總裁王濤認(rèn)為，張?jiān)獫?jì)主持出版的新教科書(shū)，為那一代中國(guó)人掃盲、開(kāi)啟民智發(fā)揮了作用。他對(duì)外引進(jìn)西學(xué)，改變了中國(guó)文化幾千年來(lái)獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)的局面。

“薄有文章傳子弟；更無(wú)書(shū)札答公卿”、“無(wú)求便是安心法；不飽真為卻病方”、“得山水情其人多壽；饒?jiān)姇?shū)氣有子必賢”、“凡事總求過(guò)得去；此心先要放平來(lái)”……在紀(jì)念館，張?jiān)獫?jì)先生工穩(wěn)淳雅、雋永凝麗的手跡也在展陳之列，古拙中有清秀，可體味其情懷與風(fēng)骨。

在八年抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，他展現(xiàn)出了錚錚風(fēng)骨。張?jiān)獫?jì)當(dāng)時(shí)蟄居上海，拒絕與日偽任何形式的合作，因?yàn)樯钇D難，只能靠賣(mài)字維持生活。然而，當(dāng)偽浙江省省長(zhǎng)傅式悅托人帶來(lái)一幅畫(huà)和偽鈔11萬(wàn)元，要他在畫(huà)上題字，卻被拒絕。日本人來(lái)其居所求談，張?jiān)獫?jì)寫(xiě)字條“兩國(guó)交戰(zhàn)，不便接談”交付。

1948年，張?jiān)獫?jì)手書(shū)了《新治家格言》，道出了自己的觀點(diǎn)：“人貴自立，須知有志竟成?！彼麜r(shí)時(shí)不忘汲取知識(shí)，提高自身修養(yǎng)?！皵?shù)百年舊家無(wú)非積德；第一件好事還是讀書(shū)?！边@是張?jiān)獫?jì)晚年所寫(xiě)的一副楹聯(lián)。在張?jiān)獫?jì)紀(jì)念館內(nèi)，處處可見(jiàn)這幅楹聯(lián)。在紀(jì)念館展廳的西側(cè)，還原了張?jiān)獫?jì)先生的生活痕跡。簡(jiǎn)易的木床、書(shū)桌，帶著時(shí)代烙印的綠色臺(tái)燈和風(fēng)扇，除此外，整潔干凈的房間中最引人注意的就是書(shū)柜上層層疊疊的書(shū)籍和床頭這副再熟悉不過(guò)的對(duì)聯(lián)。

因?yàn)椤暗谝患檬逻€是讀書(shū)”，張?jiān)獫?jì)先生一直牽掛著家鄉(xiāng)的教育。發(fā)黃的老照片，寬敞的房屋，圍坐在一起的學(xué)生。在紀(jì)念館，翻印的老照片記錄了張?jiān)獫?jì)捐宅辦學(xué)的故事。1945年秋，海鹽創(chuàng)辦了縣立初級(jí)中學(xué)。1946年秋，校舍一時(shí)無(wú)著，學(xué)校與張?jiān)獫?jì)磋商租借先生祖宅。先生慨然應(yīng)允，將坐落在虎尾浜南岸的故居和六畝五分宅基地借給海鹽縣立初級(jí)中學(xué)使用，學(xué)校每年只象征性地付租費(fèi)大米一石。

現(xiàn)在的紀(jì)念館還原有張氏舊宅的模型圖，宅子世稱(chēng)“張家翰林第”，共有三進(jìn)，共三十六間房屋。院子里有著太湖石、蔥翠的樹(shù)木和家禽?！霸笇⒆孢z坐落城內(nèi)虎尾浜現(xiàn)租與縣立中學(xué)使用之房屋全所并余地捐與該中學(xué)為校舍”。1951年4月，84歲高齡的張?jiān)獫?jì)已癱瘓，但心里仍掛念著家鄉(xiāng)教育，希望捐贈(zèng)祖宅。當(dāng)海鹽中學(xué)在全校師生大會(huì)上宣讀張?jiān)獫?jì)的捐贈(zèng)證文時(shí)，掌聲雷動(dòng)，經(jīng)久不息。此外，張?jiān)獫?jì)還搜求保存地方文獻(xiàn)，一生搜求、保存海鹽先哲遺著355部，計(jì)1115冊(cè)。

張?jiān)獫?jì)一直渴望家鄉(xiāng)能有一個(gè)公共圖書(shū)館。早在1921年，他就和同鄉(xiāng)朱希祖議過(guò)此事，但他的這個(gè)愿望因?yàn)榉N種原因一直未能實(shí)現(xiàn)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)他的遺愿，海鹽縣委、縣人民政府于1987年建起了以張?jiān)獫?jì)名字命名的公共圖書(shū)館——張?jiān)獫?jì)圖書(shū)館。2010年，政府又出資4000多萬(wàn)元進(jìn)行擴(kuò)建，使之成為具有10000多平方米的現(xiàn)代化的公共圖書(shū)館。1999年，建起了省重點(diǎn)中學(xué)——海鹽元濟(jì)高級(jí)中學(xué)及涵芬圖書(shū)館。2002年在原海鹽中學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上建起了海鹽高級(jí)中學(xué)。最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了張?jiān)獫?jì)對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)海鹽的圖書(shū)館建設(shè)和教育事業(yè)的殷切愿望。

《近代出版家張?jiān)獫?jì)》《張?jiān)獫?jì)》《張?jiān)獫?jì)軼事專(zhuān)輯》《張?jiān)獫?jì)詩(shī)文》《仁智的山水張?jiān)獫?jì)傳》《從翰林到出版家——張?jiān)獫?jì)的生平與事業(yè)》《張?jiān)獫?jì)書(shū)札》《張?jiān)獫?jì)蔡元培來(lái)往書(shū)信集》……自上世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，學(xué)術(shù)界、出版界掀起了一股張?jiān)獫?jì)研究“熱”。在展廳的盡頭，幾個(gè)大展柜形成回字形，展示了諸多張?jiān)獫?jì)研究專(zhuān)著。

在紀(jì)念館參觀后，相信每個(gè)人對(duì)中國(guó)近代知識(shí)分子的杰出代表張?jiān)獫?jì)先生其人，對(duì)我國(guó)近代出版、文化、教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展史，對(duì)他所生活的時(shí)代都會(huì)有一個(gè)更為清晰的了解。

Zhang Yuanji Memorial Museum

By Lu Mengting

Zhang Yuanji （1867-1959） was one of the most famous publishers of the first half of the 20Th-century China. A brief look into his family history would reveal that it was by no accident that Zhang became a publisher. A native of Haiyan， Zhejiang Province， he came from a family whose roots were in education and books for centuries. Zhang Qiling， an ancestor of the family， was a cosmopolitan graduate during the years of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Zhang Yuanji was a 10th-generation descendant from Zhang Qiling. The family pursued education and many family members became government officials after passing imperial examinations. Zhang Senyu， Zhang Yuanjis father， was a county magistrate in Guangdong Province. Zhang was born in Guangzhou in 1867 and went to a private school at the age of seven. At 14， he came back with his parents to Haiyan.

The junior began to take imperial examinations at grassroots level at the age of 16. Like his great grandfather in the Ming Dynasty， Zhang Yuanji also became a cosmopolitan graduate. He took active part in a reform toward the end of the 19th century. The reform lasted only 100 days. After the abortion of the reform， Zhang was dismissed from the government post. He turned to education and publishing. The Commercial Press， arguably the most prestigious publishing company in China of the 20th century， is closely associated with the name of Zhang Yuanji.

Zhang Yuanji joined the Commercial Press in 1901. Almost single-handedly， he built up the Commercial Press and turned it into a national fame. Under his guidance， the Commercial Press published textbooks， translations of books by great scholars of the West， and Chinese ancient classics. Before the publishers major assets and library in Shanghai were destroyed in 1932 in a Japanese bombing， the Commercial Press was the number one book publisher of China： it published almost all the textbooks for schools across the country and enjoyed a 52% share of the national book market.

Zhang Yuanji stayed in Shanghai during Japanese occupation in war years， but he refused to have anything to do with the Japanese puppet regime or Japanese themselves. He sold his calligraphic works to make a living.

Haiyan， his hometown in Zhejiang， now has Zhang Yuanji Library and Zhang Yuanji Memorial Museum in honor of the publisher. The museum is a upgraded version of Master Zhang Yuanji Memorial Room， which opened to the public in 1987. The museum has a collection of Zhangs books， manuscripts and materials that combine to tell the life story and achievement of the publisher. Over the past 20 plus years， nearly 100，000 people have visited the museum. His son， grandson and granddaughter have donated exhibits to the museum. Thanks to a few restoration and expansion projects， the museum now measures about 1，000 square meters.

Zhang Yuanji most ardently supported education undertakings in his hometown. In the autumn of 1945， Haiyan set up its first county-level primary school. In the autumn 1946， the school contacted Zhang Yuanji to see if it was possible to rent Zhangs ancestral house for dorms and classrooms. Zhang not only agreed to rent the house to the school but also lent a 4，300-m2 empty site preserved for building a house to the school. He charged a nominal fee of 50-kilogram rice a year. In April 1951， the 85-year-old Zhang donated the house to the school.

During his lifetime， Zhang Yuanji built up a private collection of books authored by Haiyan natives. The collection had 1，115 books in 355 titles. As early as 1921， he talked with a fellow native for establishing a public library in Haiyan. His dream never came true for various reasons. In 1987， the local government set up a library and named it after Zhang Yuanji. Thanks to a 400-million-yuan expansion project in 2010， the library is now a 100，000-m2 affair with a full range of apparatus and devices.

Since the 1980s， scholars have been paying attention to Zhang Yuanji， his contribution to Chinas modernization in the 20th century， and his legacy. Many books have been published to understand his life and his contribution. His biographies have been published. His essays， poems， letters have been published. The museum has a number of display cases that show study results on Zhang Yuanji.

The museum showcases Zhang Yuanji and his contribution to the modernization of China in the 20th century.