鮑志成 王藝
錦繡梨園群星璀璨
“序曲一起,我的整個身心已經(jīng)完全進入狀態(tài),當兩個玉人兒相偎走向舞臺中央時,我的心已經(jīng)完全被她們所占據(jù)。因她們喜而喜,悲而悲,憤而憤,嘆而嘆,將全部的心緒、感情都傾注于臺上,置身于我心中最美的世界?!边@是一個戲迷發(fā)自內(nèi)心的感受。
9月6日晚,當“楊小青導演作品展演”在杭州劇院徐徐拉開大幕,浙江小百花越劇團擔當開幕首演的越劇《陸游與唐琬》一開場,就贏得了無數(shù)越劇戲迷的心。“小百花”原生代的國家一級演員茅威濤、陳輝玲分別領(lǐng)銜主演陸游、唐琬,她們以精湛的演技和優(yōu)美的唱腔,博得了全場觀眾的喝彩,大批粉絲遠道而來。演出結(jié)束后,觀眾仍久久不愿散去,依然沉浸在那字字怨愁、句句情淚的詞曲情境中。
今年是我省著名戲曲導演楊小青七十華誕、從藝55周年。作為國家一級導演,楊小青曾獲國家舞臺藝術(shù)精品工程十大精品劇目、中宣部精神文明建設(shè)“五個一工程”獎、文化部文華大獎和文華導演獎、省政府頒發(fā)的突出成就獎等。文化部藝術(shù)司專門發(fā)來賀信,稱贊楊小青同志是國內(nèi)有著廣泛影響力的著名戲曲導演,是浙江戲曲藝術(shù)特別是越劇藝術(shù)的領(lǐng)軍人物之一。她勤奮刻苦、悉心鉆研,不拘門類、執(zhí)導的90余部作品涉及多個藝術(shù)門類,多次榮獲國家級重大文藝獎項,在中國戲曲界享有很高的聲譽。她平易近人,對藝術(shù)院團的發(fā)展,有求必應(yīng),無私幫助;她甘于奉獻,對后輩新人的提高,悉心指導、誨人不倦,堪稱文藝工作者德藝雙馨的典范。
為期10天的作品展演活動,遴選了7部最能反映楊小青藝術(shù)風格的作品,如越劇《陸游與唐琬》《李慧娘》《簡愛》《九斤姑娘》,明星版越劇《梁?!贰⒗ 栋嗾选?、京劇《將軍道》,越劇界的茅威濤、陳輝玲、單仰萍、方亞芬、謝群英、陳曉紅、吳鳳花、陳飛,京劇界的關(guān)懷、楊春霞、劉薇等一大批著名戲曲表演藝術(shù)家輪番登臺上演,囊括了越、京、昆各界大腕名角,讓戲迷觀眾大飽眼福,大呼過癮。
9月16日晚,在壓軸大戲《粉墨丹青—楊小青導演作品集錦晚會》上,京劇表演藝術(shù)家關(guān)棟天和“小白菜”陶慧敏更是客串了一把主持人,而楊小青的子弟兵們輪番上演經(jīng)典折子戲,競相飆戲,一展風姿,群星璀璨,熱鬧非凡,真可謂是粉墨丹青鬧杭城,錦繡梨園在西湖。
從“小配角”到“大導演”
楊小青13歲初入浙江越劇二團時,演的是小花旦。她每天臨睡前用一根繩子拴住腳,繩子另一頭掛到窗外,清晨5點,炊事員買菜路過窗邊時拉一把,她就起來練功練唱。楊小青的刻苦,大家都知道。
但是,她的先天條件并不好?!皠e看我現(xiàn)在瘦瘦的,當時可是很胖的,而且和別人不一樣,別人排戲越練越瘦,我是越練越胖。另外嗓音條件也不好,高音會發(fā)抖,所以根本輪不到演主角?!睏钚∏囡L趣地說。因此,楊小青在當年只能演一些帶“小”字的小配角。之后,由于嗓病,聲音變啞,這也成為她棄演從導的一個重要原因。
那之后,楊小青并沒有離開越劇團。她干起了化妝這一幕后行當。當時的戲劇化妝遠沒有如今這么復雜,她最主要的工作就是制作假發(fā)套。同時,還要兼顧劇團的一些雜務(wù)工作。雖然很辛苦,但是楊小青憑借著對戲劇的熱愛,這些事干得也是有滋有味。整整9年時間,她都是在幕后與假發(fā)套、化妝品、字幕機打交道。她說:“當時根本不會想什么大材小用,我覺得我多干點雜活就是在學雷鋒,沒有什么怨言的?!闭憬“倩ㄔ絼F團長茅威濤說:“我常想,如果是我,9年的默默無聞、定位縹緲,也許早已堅持不下去了??蓷罾蠋煵灰粯?,她弱小的身體里涌動的,是超乎常人的堅韌與定力?!?/p>
在做幕后工作時楊小青也并沒有放棄演員的業(yè)務(wù)訓練。不斷練功,學習各種戲種的身段組合,在化妝的間隙看別的導演排戲。楊小青似乎對舞臺有著一種與生俱來的喜愛。用她的話來說,就是:“我自己不能在舞臺上表演,就要把最美的舞臺制作出來給大家看。”當時,劇團里的人都戲稱楊小青為“總導演”,就是因為她對劇團排戲場場不落,總能在角落里找到她的身影。在這個過程中,成為一名戲劇導演的夢想逐漸在楊小青的心里浮現(xiàn)。
1979年,對于楊小青來說是意義非凡的一年。時任劇團領(lǐng)導的金寶華老師將她送到中國戲曲學院的編導進修班?!拔母铩苯Y(jié)束后,各地劇團都有一個青黃不接的時段。老一輩導演中很多人都退出了戲劇舞臺。在這個時候,剛剛參加了編導進修的楊小青迎來了自己人生的第一個有利時機。1986年,她被借調(diào)到浙江小百花越劇團參與導演《大觀園》這出戲。在跟隨劇團赴香港、新加坡等地演出回國后,時任浙江省越劇院院長的顧錫東先生正式將楊小青調(diào)到“小百花”,任分管業(yè)務(wù)的副團長。
她在劇團30年的幕后工作,接觸學習了劇團每一個崗位的工作。演員、導演、舞美、燈光、造型,她樣樣精通。只有這樣,才能在之后的導演工作中做到心中有數(shù),協(xié)調(diào)起各部門時有條不紊。
“精衛(wèi)鳥雖然羸弱瘦小,但卻有著崇高的信念和巨大的能量。它一天天,一月月,一年年,一個十年又一個十年從四面八方銜來木石,投進大海,從不間歇,永不放棄……”著名編劇羅懷臻是這樣描述楊小青的。著名劇作家胡小孩說:“小青大導演,我覺得應(yīng)該前面加偉大兩個字。30多年排了90多部戲,沒有一部是粗制濫造的。”
戲中有畫畫中有詩
自楊小青正式成為一名戲劇導演后,她非凡的導演才華開始逐漸放射出光彩。在進入小百花之前,楊小青接觸的演員很多都不是科班出身,而是從文工隊轉(zhuǎn)過來的。他們的思維不受傳統(tǒng)戲劇的拘束,敢于創(chuàng)新,敢于嘗試,甚至有一種把越劇“歌舞化”的趨勢。于是,楊小青的腦子里有了許多新的想法。她覺得,小百花女子越劇脫胎于傳統(tǒng)越劇,那能不能夠在它之上再添加一些新的東西,提升原有女子越劇的審美呢?于是,楊小青提出了“青春、唯美、浪漫、空靈”四要素,作為她今后“詩化舞臺”的指導思想。她謙虛地說:“小百花女子越劇已經(jīng)具有了青春浪漫的氣息,我無非是在看到了這個優(yōu)點后,把唯美、空靈加進去,這不就變成詩了么?這樣一來,也就和普通小市民化的越劇區(qū)別開來了。”楊小青所做的這一切,已經(jīng)成功地將一個流傳百年的傳統(tǒng)劇種和現(xiàn)代審美結(jié)合起來,她將“劇詩”這一概念呈現(xiàn)在了舞臺的各個門類:燈光、音樂、表演、服裝,將這一切連結(jié)成了一首長詩。
為了做到這一點,楊小青在排戲之前就對整部戲有了一個完整的構(gòu)思,并講述給每個創(chuàng)演部門的主要人員聽,聽取他們的意見,使整個創(chuàng)演團隊融合成為一個整體。對于現(xiàn)今流行的混搭風格,楊導也提出了不同的意見,她覺得不同理念的文化放在一個舞臺上演出并非不可以,但是一定要做到和諧統(tǒng)一,隨隨便便將古典和現(xiàn)代結(jié)合起來,雖然能夠贏得年輕人的眼球,但是歸根結(jié)底是沒有內(nèi)涵的。意境和內(nèi)涵,是楊小青對詩化深層次的理解。她覺得,一首詩本身就是有意境的,但是假如失去了內(nèi)涵,就是一首沒有情感的詩。有意境的地方必須要有情感,意境是情感的載體。假如兩者沒有產(chǎn)生共鳴,那么寫出來的詩也是干巴巴的,沒有人會喜歡。詩必須有意境,意境里又要有內(nèi)涵,這就是楊小青對于她的“詩化舞臺”的闡述。
《西廂記》是楊小青導演藝術(shù)的頂峰。在這部戲誕生之前,也發(fā)生過許許多多有趣的事。在小百花排演《西廂記》之前,已經(jīng)有兩部獲得巨大成就的《西廂記》等待他們超越,因此當時小百花越劇團里也有不少反對的聲音??墒菞钚∏嗾J為,拋開《西廂記》的文學成就不談,僅僅是男女癡情的故事發(fā)生在莊嚴肅穆的寺宇里這一點,就足以展現(xiàn)出強烈的戲劇效果,而這一點在之前兩部《西廂記》中都沒有獲得重點演繹。因此,如果在戲中突出這一點,再加上詩化舞臺的展現(xiàn),就一定可以獲得成功。在舞臺表現(xiàn)上,楊小青史無前例地使用了一個巨大的旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺,一邊是墻內(nèi),一邊是墻外;墻內(nèi)墻外的轉(zhuǎn)換只要通過舞臺的旋轉(zhuǎn)就可以實現(xiàn),這在傳統(tǒng)越劇中是絕對不可能的,這也成為了越劇舞臺發(fā)展史上的一座里程碑。旋轉(zhuǎn)的舞臺造就了無場序的表演形式,沒有了傳統(tǒng)越劇場次之前拉上幕布更換布景的間隙,使得整部戲劇如行云流水一般,就像一首流動的長詩,給了觀眾一種耳目一新的觀劇感受,于是此戲一出,好評如潮。
9月15日,“楊小青導演藝術(shù)研討會”在浙江職業(yè)藝術(shù)學院隆重舉行,來自國內(nèi)外的戲劇表演和評論界的近百位名家學者匯聚一堂,就楊小青的導演藝術(shù)思想、風格和特征以及對當代中國戲劇藝術(shù)發(fā)展的貢獻,進行了全方位的探討。著名昆劇表演藝術(shù)家汪世瑜贊譽楊小青采用旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺、多媒體投影等方式引領(lǐng)舞美新時尚,以程式演繹故事,執(zhí)導的戲目三分之一是可以傳承下去的經(jīng)典力作。著名作曲家何占豪回憶往事,深情地說“小妹妹變成了大導演”,建議楊小青寫一部自傳《我的奮斗終生》,遺澤后人。上海昆曲團著名表演藝術(shù)家張靜嫻情不自禁地說:“楊小青導演在我心目中就是一個騎士!”
尋詩不覺入佳境,楊小青在孜孜以求的導演生涯中,不自覺地把她所理解的戲劇藝術(shù)與江南風韻相結(jié)合,在劇本、舞美、燈光、音樂、服裝、表演風格等方面綜合演繹她心目中的詩情畫意,使得傳統(tǒng)戲曲有了現(xiàn)代時尚的審美意境和詩性的品格。也許戲曲評論界對她的導演藝術(shù)一時還無法從理論高度、美學結(jié)構(gòu)上進行全面闡述和剖析,但是,她追求的戲中有畫、畫中有詩的舞臺意境,業(yè)已成為當代中國戲劇發(fā)展史上的一大藝術(shù)成就。
“螞蝗精神”造就完美藝術(shù)
越劇界的人都說,楊小青干起活來不要命。她初上“中戲”學習導演時,因為嚴重的關(guān)節(jié)炎行走不便,在宿舍、食堂、課堂三點之間,全靠班長袁小海背著堅持學習,至今傳為佳話。她在導演生涯中,曾經(jīng)動過兩次大手術(shù),讓人感動的是,每次手術(shù)后楊小青都能迅速地投入到工作中去,似乎有著用不完的精力?!捌鋵嵨疫@么快去工作也是被迫的,當時我在的越劇二團大部分編導人員都調(diào)到‘小百花去了,劇團里很缺導演。為此,當時的團長還親自趕到上海醫(yī)院里來看望我,希望我早日康復。在那個時候,我還是一個名不見經(jīng)傳的小導演,自己就覺得受寵若驚了?!睏钚∏嘈χ痛蠹曳窒砹诉@段經(jīng)歷。于是,在腿傷還沒有完全恢復之時,她便硬撐著回到了劇團里,參加了新劇的排演。當時劇團里沒有電梯,上下樓梯都需要別人來背。就這樣,楊小青拼命工作,才獲得了現(xiàn)在這樣巨大的成就。
“為追求精致與完美,她不停地在排練場上要演員‘來一遍,再來一遍,直到所有演員都累暈為止?!泵┩f,背地里演員們都管楊導叫“螞蝗精”,“粘著我們摳細節(jié),一點都不放過?!敝麆∽骷义X法成先生談到楊小青對藝術(shù)堅持不懈的精神時說:“楊小青的‘螞蝗精神,就是盯住不放,盯出血來才肯罷休,不僅盯得別人出血,她自己也出血。”在許多越劇演員的記憶里,楊小青是一位使不完勁的導演,正是這樣的苛刻才成就了一大批新生代演員,呈現(xiàn)出萬紫千紅的梨園新氣象,而楊小青恰恰是這個百花園中一棵瘦弱而精干的青青楊柳,備受尊敬和愛戴。在戲劇界,很多人都管她叫“楊媽媽”。茅威濤還自謙地說:“我是個慢熱型的,進戲比較慢,好比是一只煤爐子,而楊媽媽就是一把扇子,沒有她不停地扇,我就入不了那個戲?!敝麘蚯b設(shè)計師藍玲特意為楊小青準備了一個精心編制的花環(huán),掛在楊小青胸前,與她相擁而泣,表示“一定陪你攜手走到底”,讓全場為之動容。著名化妝師毛戈平當初演戲無門,正是在楊小青的啟發(fā)和幫助下,改行學化妝,走出了一條屬于自己的成功之路。這次展演活動,毛戈平親自為楊媽媽化妝定型,使她展現(xiàn)了一代戲曲名導演的不凡風采。
改革開放后,楊小青在戲曲導演藝術(shù)上取得了令人矚目的成績。面對巨大的榮譽,她一如往常的平靜,她說:“我天生喜歡舞臺藝術(shù),為藝術(shù)而生。當年只要不離開舞臺,我做假發(fā)套也情愿?!?/p>
藝術(shù)之樹常青。楊小青表示,自己還會繼續(xù)在戲劇舞臺上活躍下去……
Celebrations Mark Directors 55-Year Career
By Bao Zhicheng, Wang Yi
The year 2012 marks the 70-year-old Yueju Opera director Yang Xiaoqings 55-year-old theater career. As a grade-one direct1or certified by the national government, Yang has bagged all the top national and provincial prizes and awards available. Over her 55-year career, she has directed more than 90 plays that span various fields. A ten-day seven-show celebration went from September 6 to 16, 2012 in commemoration of her career. The seven award-winning plays starred a galaxy of stage artists of national renown.
Yang Xiaoqings 55 years have been quite dramatic. She failed as a performer but she has succeeded as a brilliant director.
She joined Number Two Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe at the age of 13 as a trainee. She worked hard to be a good stage artist. An assiduous teenager, she tied a string to her toe, put the end of the string outside, and asked the cook of the troupe to pull the string to wake her up at five oclock in the morning when the cook passed by her window on his way to the food market. She wanted to start a days training as early as possible.
However, she was by no means a talented pupil. Her singing was flawed and she had a problem with weight. In her unpromising career as a performer, she did some insignificant roles. Then her voice cracked. She had to retire from stage.
She began to work backstage as a makeup girl. In those years, a makeup girl did odds and ends and she served as a backstage factotum for nine years. With a passion for Yueju Opera, she still trained every day and learned different roles of different operas. Moreover, she watched all the rehearsals in these years. She was jokingly nicknamed “director-in-chief.” Able to watch a play grow, mature and blossom into a finished product, she soaked up the tricks of directing.
The year 1979 marked a turning point of her life and career. The troupe decided to send her to a training course for promising directors at China Theater Academy. This course came into being largely because old-generation directors began to retire after the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). In 1986, she was commissioned to help direct a Yueju Opera play at Zhejiang Little One Hundred Flowers Yueju Opera Troupe. After the success of the play and the troupes performance tour to Hong Kong and Singapore, Yang was officially employed as the troupes vice president and put in charge of managing all the showbiz things. By that time, she was a Jill of all-trades of Yueju Opera showbiz with hands-on experience of everything from onstage to backstage.
Yang began to shine as a director. She is innovative and eager to try anything new. Before she came to the Little One Hundred Flowers, she had worked with young stage artists who had received training in other performance arts. These young artists tried to introduce singing and dancing into Yueju Opera plays. Their unorthodox approach inspired Yang Xiaoqing. After becoming a director, she put forward a guideline of being youthful, aesthetic, romantic, and intelligible. She transformed traditional Yueju Opera favored by old-generation theatergoers to something branded with her characteristics and applauded by new generations of theatergoers.
She wants to transform every play she directs into an opera poem. Before directing a play, she considers the play from all possible angles and maps out everything in her mind before she talks with her team to hear her colleagues opinions.
Her signature play is “The Romance of the West Chamber.” There had been two hugely successful versions of the Yueju Opera play before her time. Her proposal for a brand new version met with some strong misgivings in the troupe, but she thought there were potentialities for a new play to be successful. The romance occurs in a Buddhist temple, an unlikely venue for a romance to bloom into a full-blown heart-wrenching drama. She thought the venue itself offered unexplored opportunities for better dramatization, but the previous two plays did not fully use the venue. Moreover, modern technology made her new version possible. She tapped into the possibilities opened up by the revolving stage and told the story of either side of the temple wall that separates the lovers. This innovative stage arrangement transformed the traditional way Yueju Opera plays were staged. In the traditional way, the curtains go down and up between acts and scenes. Yangs version of the romance is the first Yueju Opera performance where curtains do not come up and down. The stage swings back and forth, making the whole drama into a long coherent poem.
A symposium was held on September 15 to discuss Yangs directing art and achievements. Nearly 100 critics, directors, performers and experts attended. At the symposium, her directing achievement was summarized and confirmed. She is a director who has helped bringing Yueju Opera to a new level in the new flourishing period. She has introduced innovations into all aspects of Yueju Opera such as scripts, stage design, lighting, music, costume, performing style. Veterans and experts agree that although it is too soon to describe her achievement fully, her bringing visual art and poetry to the stage is a landmark contribution to Chinas modern theater. At the symposium, her colleagues and Yueju Opera stars recalled fondly and appreciatively that she is a ruthless taskmaster driving people to go the extra mile and do the best. Many stars call her mom.
The 70-year-old Yang says she will continue to direct.