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“苕溪漁隱”的荻港魚文化

2012-04-29 00:44:03張科
文化交流 2012年11期
關鍵詞:苕溪文化節(jié)文化

張科

我國人民在長期的漁業(yè)勞動中所形成的魚文化,伴隨著中國傳統(tǒng)文化一起發(fā)展,成為中國傳統(tǒng)文化寶庫中的一顆明珠。

前不久,湖州市第三屆魚文化節(jié)在南潯區(qū)荻港漁莊隆重舉行。此次活動主要以“苕溪漁隱,荻港美食”為主題,以“千年魚文化,百年陳家菜”為特色,發(fā)揮荻港漁莊優(yōu)勢,推出荻港百名巧婦名點小吃一條街、荻港水鄉(xiāng)民俗婚慶表演、魚文化主題晚會等節(jié)目,可謂好戲連場,美食飄香,彰顯了荻港的千年魚文化。

荻港自古以來綠桑成蔭、魚塘連片,是江南?;~塘的典型,具有近千年的淡水魚養(yǎng)殖歷史。村民們辛勤勞作,不斷探索,形成了源遠流長的魚文化,在當地就流傳著“苕溪漁隱,荻港美食”一說。那苕溪,顧名思義,荻港地處苕溪之畔,古時就有先民在此以打魚為生?!皾O隱”,古代的隱士往往以樵夫和漁人的形象出現。漁人是隱士的象征,是高士的別名,“白發(fā)漁樵江渚上,慣看秋月春風。一壺濁酒喜相逢,古今多少事,都付笑談中?!薄冻o·漁父》一文寫到屈原與漁父的對話,那漁父就是一個地地道道的隱士。古代文學作品中,隱士的身份多為漁人,形象多為靜坐垂釣的漁夫。江南先民勤勞,用心經營。荻港地處江南,得天時地利之便,歷經千年墾發(fā),遂成一方沃土。地既肥瘐,物產豐盈;民風淳樸,和睦安居,文人墨客紛紛來此隱居,慢慢地形成了久遠的“苕溪漁隱”一說。

西安半坡遺址出土的魚紋盆,以及人面魚盆,見證先民們的生活是與魚息息相關的,因為他們當時是臨水而居,魚是他們的食物、生活的保障。這就決定了他們對魚的崇拜,把它作為美的象征。

西漢著名史學家司馬遷在《史記·貨殖列傳》中對兩千年前楚越地區(qū)的飲食特點最早作了概括性的記錄:“楚越之地,地廣人稀,飯稻羹魚……”明確地指出了這種“飯稻羹魚”的飲食特色??脊刨Y料顯示:良渚人食用的水產品,主要有鯉魚、鯽魚、鱧魚、青魚、鱉、龜、蟹、蜆、螺螄、蛤蜊、河蚌等。在新石器時代的磁山文化遺址、仰韶文化遺址、良渚文化遺址、大溪口文化遺址、河姆渡文化遺址都有種種捕魚工具發(fā)現,如在良渚文化遺址中,發(fā)現了用麻線編成的漁網及網墜、浮標。漢代時,江南地區(qū)開始以池塘養(yǎng)魚,一般養(yǎng)殖草魚、青魚、鰱魚與鳙魚等。鱸魚,在漢代已成為淡水魚中的名品。晉大臣張翰,吳郡(今蘇州)人,在洛陽做官,見秋風起,因思念家鄉(xiāng)的鱸魚莼菜膾而棄官回到家鄉(xiāng)吳郡?!拜击|之思”成為一款名肴。這些都說明“食有魚”的食文化與魚文化是“你中有我,我中有你”,相輔相成,相映成輝的。

如果說“苕溪漁隱”所展現的是荻港養(yǎng)魚、捕魚的悠久歷史和魚文化歷史畫面,那么“荻港美食”則是此次魚文化節(jié)中的主打項目。國民黨元老陳果夫是個對吃極為講究的湖州人,一向重視飲食文化研究。他的私家大廚“雞骨頭慶生”即施慶生燒得一手好菜,其關門徒弟錢榮華大師就是現在荻港漁莊的主廚。漁莊的陳家菜肴原汁原味,味道鮮美,如老法鱔絲、油炸肉餅、炒魚、狀元球、千張肉圓等都是獨門招牌菜,許多游客為品嘗荻港漁莊美食專程慕名而來。

魚文化節(jié)上不僅有傳統(tǒng)的名菜,而且有匠心獨運的創(chuàng)新菜肴,如花鰱豆腐、大鍋烏金子等,還能品嘗百名巧婦的拿手絕活—傳統(tǒng)小吃。新搭建的小吃一條街中有魚粽、青圓子、梅花餃、青魚干粉絲、魚湯鍋糍、玉米棒、藕斷絲連、番薯塌餅、串豆腐干、湯包等。八千余人齊聚于此,人流如織,熙熙攘攘,他們被百名巧婦制作的香氣四溢的小吃吸引過去。那鮮嫩可口的小條魚、香糯潤滑的芋艿、美味的生滾魚片粥……實在讓人大快朵頤。

魚和中國人的生活緊密相關,影響了中國人的思想,影響著中國的文學藝術,從而成為中國文化的一部分。此次活動通過養(yǎng)魚、捕魚、祭魚、吃魚、唱魚歌、跳魚舞、玩魚賽、做魚菜、打漁家樂、放魚燈等一系列場面,來展現荻港特有的魚文化,呈現出荻港魚文化節(jié)的獨特魅力。

當地的村民,無論大人還是小孩都喜歡敲打“漁家樂”。魚文化節(jié)晚會上表演的打擊樂“漁家樂”所用的道具與樂器,如小船、網兜、魚叉、菱桶都是漁民們養(yǎng)魚時的工具,通過這些道具演奏出歡快、喜慶、動聽的打擊樂,來刻畫漁家姑娘多彩的生活和豐富的感情世界。他們唱的漁歌清亮明快,荻港的漁歌大多源自本地人的口口相傳,它表達著荻港廣大人民對家鄉(xiāng)的熱愛,對親人的關心,對豐收的喜悅,如“小小荻港村,住呀住上門……”“男人吃魚更健壯,女人吃魚更漂亮,小孩吃魚更聰明……”等,抒發(fā)了荻港村民樸素而又強烈的熱愛家鄉(xiāng)之情。

“魚龍潛躍水成文?!边@是張若虛的《春江花月夜》中的詩句。龍,是中華先民的崇拜對象,但龍有魚的特點,那就是全身布滿了鱗片,所以有學者認為對龍的崇拜是對魚崇拜的延續(xù)和變異。在古代的故事中,魚龍可以互相轉化,魚是龍的另外一種形式,人們在崇拜龍的同時,也在崇拜著魚。在魚文化節(jié)上,鑼鼓喧天,舞魚、舞龍、舞獅,出水的魚兒化作龍,四條渾身通透的魚龍騰挪跳躍。人們還跳起了魚舞,那范蠡、西施雙人舞特別惹人注目。相傳春秋時期越王臥薪嘗膽,滅吳后,范蠡“乃攜西子”,“五湖問道,扁舟歸去”,乘輕舟以浮于五湖,途經東苕溪的荻港,并在此寫下《養(yǎng)魚經》,范蠡乃成為當地淡水魚養(yǎng)殖的鼻祖,他與西施的愛情故事至今還被當地人們所傳頌。

基于遠古人類對魚的崇拜的論述,我們也就很容易理解人們用魚代表愛情這一做法了。當然,人們用魚代表愛情還因為魚與水之間難以分開的關系,我們經??吹交槁?lián)上有這樣的句子:“魚水千年合?!惫旁姟督稀吩唬骸敖峡刹缮彛徣~何田田,魚戲蓮葉間。”古代傳說大雁和魚均可傳遞情書家信。樂府《飲馬長城窟行》云:“客從遠方來,遺我雙鯉魚。呼兒烹鯉魚,中有尺素書?!边@就是魚雁傳書的來歷。《西廂記》中有“一春魚雁無消息”,就運用了“魚雁傳書”的典故,很好地表達了崔鶯鶯希望張生勤來書信,珍惜愛情、淡泊功名的感情。

在荻港的魚文化節(jié)上,我們看到了這樣的情景:大紅燈籠,奪目“囍”字,伴著歡快的嗩吶鼓樂,當身著鳳冠霞帔的新娘被四人花轎“晃”出來時,偌大的荻港漁莊一下就給“鬧”起來了。隨著幕布一幕幕拉開,高潮一迭迭到來。從抱子孫桶、系同心鎖,再到新人上迎親船、拜天地等等。復古的婚禮、水鄉(xiāng)的婚慶無不透射出荻港濃郁的生活氣息和獨特的文化魅力。

荻港漁莊“魚文化”活動吸引了全國各地著名書法家以“魚文化”為主題,揮毫潑墨,翰墨飄香。這次魚文化節(jié),賓客還觀看了荻港漁莊新建的農具漁具展示館,從全新角度充分展現當今漁家的文化風情。

漁莊占地605畝,聚生態(tài)、觀光、休閑、旅游、度假于一體,沿著石徑小路往里走,可以看到岸上拱橋、長廊逶迤綿延,水上波光搖曳,裊裊炊煙繚繞著青磚黛瓦,悠揚的漁歌咿呀著蠶事農桑。荻港漁莊雖然看起來像是一個大院落,其實里面非常原生態(tài),它的設計基本就是依照這塊土地原來的風貌,加上了一些后期的建筑。把自然風景和古樸的建筑融合在一起,但是在內部細節(jié)上卻做得十分精致。漁莊的親水露臺,用炭化木搭著古樸的涼棚,在這彌漫著桂花香的季節(jié)里垂釣非常愜意。步入魚文化長廊,晴時可欣賞江南美景,雨天又可憑欄聽雨,與友人品茶味,敘舊情。那生長在江南一帶的蘆荻,漁莊內隨處可見,秋風起時,荻花隨風輕揚,美不勝收。

2012年1月,荻港漁莊三期工程已開工建設,項目占地面積50畝,建筑面積超過15000平方米,計劃總投資1億多元。荻港漁莊董事長、荻港村黨委副書記徐敏利介紹:“三期工程主要包括傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)魚和現代養(yǎng)殖技術鑒賞區(qū)、淡水魚標本區(qū)、觀賞魚一條街、魚緣書畫展示館、古漁具展示館、水鄉(xiāng)魚趣民俗婚慶展示館、食為魚館等。三期建設項目已被浙江省發(fā)改委納入2012年度浙江省服務業(yè)重大項目。該項目的建成將為村民提供大量的就業(yè)機會,極大地推動鄉(xiāng)村旅游文化產業(yè)的發(fā)展。今后我們將努力把荻港漁莊打造成湖州的魚文化品牌,將其匯聚成具有荻港特色的文化盛宴。”

中秋的月亮格外圓,岸邊的魚燈緩緩被點燃。魚燈是用來敬拜魚神、祈求平安的信物。魚燈有大有小,其大者如車,長五六米,高三五米,很是氣派。魚燈上書五谷豐登、年年豐收之語,人人臉上笑容燦爛,放魚燈長隊,似魚龍起舞,越走越長,人頭攢動,人流如潮,鞭炮、焰火、鑼鼓聲、喧嘩聲,聲聲震耳。這邊燈火如潮,那邊放魚燈起伏呼應,夜空格外閃亮,整個漁莊沉浸在喜慶之中……

Fish Farming Culture in Otherworldly Digang

By Zhang Ke

Huzhou, a central city in northern Zhejiang Province, used to stand for affluence when agriculture dominated economically across China. Digang, a village sitting on the Grand Canal that goes through Huzhou, is an otherworldly village where fishing farming still plays a big part in its economy. The ancient part of the village, somewhat dilapidated with timeworn one-arch stone bridges and old-time houses and a temple, seems an anachronism. Nowadays, tourists come to visit the old part of Digang, to step back into time and see what Digang was like decades ago and centuries ago.

The new part of Digang, built beyond the old one, is brand new in sharp contrast with the old village. In addition to rows of villa-like houses for villagers, Digang Fish Resort is a big tourism enterprise that caters to visitors who are there for tourism and for cultural undertakings. In Digang, visitors see fish farming which used to be the local economic mainstay. The resort, composed of a grand restaurant and a hotel and many other facilities, offers an opportunity for people to sample tasty fish dishes and see where villagers used to live and how they led such a life.

Digang dates to one thousand years ago at least. It stands for fish farming that flourished in the region. In local legends, Digang is compared to Shangri-La. In the past 1,000 years, local fish famers developed good farming technologies and turned the land of rivers and ponds into a fish farming paradise. The life there was attractive and scholars, poets, artists came to live in Digang.

Given what Digang is and what it stands for, Huzhou had every reason to let Digang host the 3rd Huzhou Fish Culture Festival. This year, the festival took place at Digang Fish Resort toward the end of September. The festival was a part of a much larger festival hosted by Huzhou Municipal Government.

During the festival, one hundred village women of Digang cook their favorite household food for tourists. The village put up a show to demonstrate how fish farmers in Digang typically held a wedding ceremony in gold old days.

The restaurant is well known for the food prepared with the recipe book of the Chen Family Cuisine. Chen Guofu, a native of Huzhou and a key member of Kuomintang while the party was in power during the Republican years before 1949, employed a chef from Digang. The chefs last disciple Qian Ronghua now works as the executive chef at Digang Fish Restaurant. The Chens Cuisine is now the major attraction to tourists and gourmets. Many people come for the sole purpose of tasting the fish food prepared on the Chens secret recipes.

Other big shows of the festival at Digang included newly choreographed traditional shows: fish dance, lion dance, dragon dance. There are a great number of fish lanterns at night to celebrate the Moon Festival, which fell upon September 30 this year during the Fish Culture Festival. Some fish lanterns were 5 to 6 meters long and 3 to 5 meters tall. At night, they looked magnificent. These lanterns had good luck inscriptions written on them such as good harvest every year. On the Moon Festival night, fish lanterns paraded through the village at night. People cheered. Fireworks sounded. The resort looked like a big carnival.

Digang Fish Resort is at present a 40-hectare compound. Though the compound looks like a well-designed park, it retains local ecology. Ponds, bridges, mulberry trees, long corridors, stone-paved narrow paths are all good for sightseeing. Tourists love to come and hang out here for a weekend or a few days.

Digang is now expanding its business. In January 2012, the third phase of Digang Fish Resort started. The new expansion covers an area of 3.3 hectares and the built-up area will be 15,000 square meters. With an investment of over 100 million, the project is to build a number of display galleries for fish farming related lifestyle and art as well as fish-farming related zones. When constructed, the new resort will provide new jobs and boost tourism in Digang. It will be a big attraction for Digang and Huzhou for tourism.

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