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血霉酚酸水平監(jiān)測在腎移植臨床的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及進展

2011-09-19 06:35:06張桓熙劉巖峰王長希
實用醫(yī)院臨床雜志 2011年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:霉酚酸游離劑量

張桓熙,劉巖峰,王長希

(中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院器官移植中心,廣東廣州510080)

作為抗代謝免疫抑制劑,霉酚酸(Mycophenolic Acid,MPA)以其低毒副作用的優(yōu)點已經(jīng)在實體器官移植中得到廣泛應(yīng)用[1,2]。目前,常規(guī)的免疫抑制方案組成包括:皮質(zhì)類固醇,鈣調(diào)神經(jīng)磷酸酶抑制劑(Calcineurin inhibitors,CNIs)和 MPA。但前兩者的長期使用會導(dǎo)致較多甚至嚴(yán)重的副作用[3]。因此,近年來,以MPA為主的無腎毒性的免疫抑制方案日益受到重視,特別在移植穩(wěn)定期采用低劑量或者撤除CNIs或皮質(zhì)類固醇的方案中,MPA更是起著核心作用。目前臨床應(yīng)用的霉酚酸藥物主要有霉酚酸酯(Mycophenolatemofetil,MMF,驍悉,Cellcept)和霉酚酸鈉腸溶片(Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium,EC-MPS,米芙,Myfortic)。研究表明,MPA的代謝存在明顯的個體內(nèi)和個體間差異并受諸多因素影響,如:移植腎功能、白蛋白水平、鈣調(diào)磷酸酶抑制劑的配伍等[4,5]。監(jiān)測MPA血藥濃度,可使臨床醫(yī)生針對不同情況的患者均能取得最好療效并且減少不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。本綜述通過總結(jié)近幾年霉酚酸水平監(jiān)測的研究進展,為進一步合理使用MPA并探究如何優(yōu)化國人抗排斥方案提供線索。

1 MPA 檢測方法

MPA的血濃度曲線下面積(area under the plasma concentration time curve,AUC)是監(jiān)測MPA暴露的最重要的動力學(xué)參數(shù)。目前,MPA水平測定方法(見表1)主要有:高效液相色譜法(High-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和酶免疫分析法(Enzyme immunoassay,EIA)。前者可根據(jù)檢測器的不同,分為紫外檢測法[6~11]、熒光檢測法[12~14]、聯(lián)用串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法[15~19];后者可分為酶放大免疫分析法(Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique,EMIT)[12,20~22]、克隆酶供體免疫分析法(Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay,CEDIA)[23,24]、基于 IMPDH的酶抑制分析法(IMPDH-based enzyme inhibition assay)[25,26]和最新研究但還沒進入市場的顆粒增強比濁抑制免疫分析法(Particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay,PETINIA)[27]。

表1 MPA檢測方法歸納

MPA游離濃度測定方法,包括上面提到的HPLC(紫外[6~10]、熒光[12~14]、串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜[15~19])和 EMIT[12,20]。其優(yōu)缺點及各參數(shù)見表 1。測定血游離MPA(free MPA,fMPA)時,樣品需要經(jīng)過前處理,即把游離的以及與血漿蛋白結(jié)合的MPA分離,常用的方法是超濾法[8,28]。此外還有平衡透析[28]和超高速離心法[29],但由于操作繁瑣,分離效果不理想,已極少使用。檢測方法的選用,主要取決于實驗室或醫(yī)院的儀器設(shè)備和實驗?zāi)康?。酶免疫分析法由于快速易行和?biāo)準(zhǔn)化的需要,多應(yīng)用于臨床監(jiān)測,而高效液相色譜法多用于研究。近幾年的大規(guī)模臨床試驗,兩者均有使用[30~32]。

2 治療藥物檢測

2.1 藥代動力學(xué) MPA藥代動力學(xué)過程已十分明確,簡述如下。MMF口服后迅速在胃腸吸收,并通過腸壁、肝臟和其他組織的酯酶水解為MPA,達峰時間為1h,其中97-99%與血漿白蛋白結(jié)合。MPA在肝臟中通過二磷酸尿苷葡萄糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶(Uri-dine diphosphate gluconosyltransferases,UGTs)代謝為無藥理活性的7-O-葡萄糖苷酸霉酚酸(7-O-MPA-glucuronide,MPAG),及少量的酰基葡萄糖苷酸(Acyl glucuronide,AcMPAG),苯基葡萄糖苷(Phenolic glucoside,MPAG1s)[33]和 6-O-去甲基霉酚酸(6-ODM-MPA)。MPAG主要通過腎小管分泌經(jīng)尿液排出。部分通過肝臟分泌入膽汁,在腸道細菌葡萄糖苷酶的作用下去糖脂化,生成MPA,在結(jié)腸被重吸收入血,此為腸肝循環(huán)[34]。體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),游離MPA發(fā)揮藥物活性,能抑制次黃嘌呤核苷脫氫酶(IMPDH),阻斷T和B淋巴細胞增殖過程中鳥嘌呤核苷酸的從頭合成步驟,妨礙其進行有絲分裂[34]。EC-MPS藥動學(xué)與MMF存在差異,口服后經(jīng)小腸吸收,達峰時間為 1.5 ~2.75 h[5]。

MPA的代謝存在明顯的個體內(nèi)和個體間差異并受諸多因素影響。在服用固定劑量MMF的腎移植患者中,發(fā)現(xiàn)MPA-AUC可達10倍的個體間差異,而對同一個體,在移植后幾周內(nèi)tMPA AUC值至少比之后(移植后1-6個月內(nèi))的值低30-50%,MPA游離分?jǐn)?shù)也存在2-5倍的差異[35]。造成如此差異的因素可歸納如下:①種族:美裔非洲人的MPA藥動學(xué)參數(shù)與白種人沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義上的差異[36],而在相同劑量下,中國腎移植患者的tMPA AUC值比前述兩種人高[37,38]。②性別:據(jù)驍悉 藥物說明書,合并幾項研究數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),男(n=79)女(n=41)性間tMPA AUC0-12沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義上的差異[4]。③血漿白蛋白濃度:血漿白蛋白濃度降低,導(dǎo)致MPA和MPAG可結(jié)合位點減少,游離MPA增多,其排出也增加,最終導(dǎo)致 tMPA AUC減少。[39]白蛋白濃度低于31 g/L,游離MPA分?jǐn)?shù)大大增加[40]。④移植腎功能:當(dāng)患者GFR <25 mL/min時,血漿MPAG濃度增加3~6倍[41]。腎功能受損導(dǎo)致的 MPAG增多,酸中毒或尿毒癥,都會減少MPA與白蛋白的結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致游離MPA增多,MPA糖脂化和排出相應(yīng)增加,結(jié)果是tMPA AUC增加,而fMPA AUC基本不變或增加[42]。⑤進食:據(jù)嗎替麥考酚酯膠囊藥物說明書,若患者服用1.5 bid MPA,則進食(27 g脂肪,650卡)不會影響 MPA AUC,但會減少約 40%的Cmax[4]。⑥藥物配伍:相比起他克莫司或西羅莫司,配伍環(huán)孢霉素會降低20% ~50%的 tMPA AUC[43]。類固醇的使用也可能降低 tMPA AUC[44]。

2.2 MPA暴露量與療效、不良反應(yīng)的關(guān)系 進行治療藥物監(jiān)測之前,必須明確MPA暴露量與療效、不良反應(yīng)的關(guān)系,確定合適的MPA目標(biāo)值。衡量MPA暴露量常用以下指標(biāo):tMPA(或fMPA)的AUC或谷濃度C0。MPA AUC的計算方法現(xiàn)有兩種:一是有限取樣法(Limited sampling strategy,LSS)近似計算(擬合方法為多重線性回歸(MLR)[45]或貝葉斯估計[46,47]),二是全取樣法。全點 AUC 與臨床結(jié)果的相關(guān)性最強,但其測定需要患者在服藥后12小時內(nèi)住院,且需10個以上血液樣本,在臨床中難以實施。而只需單個樣品測定的谷濃度與臨床結(jié)果相關(guān)性不強。因此,通過有限取樣法估計全點AUC逐漸成為監(jiān)測的必要手段。2008年,Miura等建立了適合日本腎移植患者的MLR擬合模型,在服藥后第2、4、9 h 取樣,近似 AUC0-12 最接近全點 AUC[45]。2004年Le Guellec等和2005年P(guān)remaud等均建立了貝葉斯估計模型,只需在第20 min、1 h和3 h取樣[46,47]。兩種LSS比較,貝葉斯估計需要復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)運算,但可彈性選擇取樣時間點,并對其偏離進行校正;兩者均需預(yù)先對特定的患者群體建立回歸方程。研究表明,低MPA AUC或谷濃度值會增加急性排斥的風(fēng)險,高MPA AUC或谷濃度值會增加發(fā)生不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險[34]。有文獻指出,監(jiān)測時應(yīng)控制MPA AUC0-12在 30 ~60 mg/(h·L)[48]。但 2008 年Kuypers等研究表明,控制患者MPA AUC不超過60 mg/(h·L)只有助于減少白細胞減少癥和貧血現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,但不會減少腸胃不適和感染的發(fā)生[49]。

血游離MPA暴露量與療效的關(guān)系在腎移植患者中沒有得到充分的研究,但對預(yù)測發(fā)生不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險比tMPA 更有意義[50~53]。1998年 Kaplan等報道,在腎功能損傷的胰腺移植患者中,出現(xiàn)白細胞減少的患者具有較高MPA游離分?jǐn)?shù)和fMPA AUC值[50]。2002年Weber等報道,高fMPA AUC值會增加發(fā)生白細胞減少癥和感染的風(fēng)險[51]。2004年,Mudge等報道,在tMPA AUC較低的情況下,患者仍出現(xiàn)胃腸不適或血細胞減少等不良反應(yīng),經(jīng)檢測,這些患者的fMPA AUC值和MPA游離分?jǐn)?shù)較高[52]。2005年,Atcheson等報道,出現(xiàn)血小板較少、白細胞減少或者感染的患者,fMPA AUC值會偏高[53]。后面三份報告均為腎移植。然而至今沒有文獻指出監(jiān)測fMPA的目標(biāo)值,其原因可能是檢測技術(shù)不足和成本高。

2.3 治療藥物監(jiān)測的現(xiàn)狀 從2007年起,有三篇大規(guī)模臨床試驗報告和一份系統(tǒng)評價討論MPA監(jiān)測的意義。2007年Le Meur等報道,APOMYGRE試驗比較了固定劑量(FD)方案(n=70)和MPA總濃度監(jiān)控(CC)方案(n=67)的療效,其中,F(xiàn)D組給MMF 2g/d,CC組控制MPA AUC0-12值達到40 mg/(h·L),通過 LSS和貝葉斯估計計算 MPA AUC值。結(jié)果是,采用CC組患者急性排斥率較低。CC組患者在第14天,第1月,第3月調(diào)整劑量均高于2 g/d[30]。

2008年,van Gelder等報道,F(xiàn)DCC試驗比較了固定劑量方案(n=452)和MPA總濃度監(jiān)控方案(n=449)的療效,F(xiàn)D組每人2 g/d MMF(兒童每人每天1.2 g/m2),CC組控制MPA AUC0~12值范圍30~60 mg/(h·L),通過有限取樣法和多重線性回歸近似計算AUC0-12。結(jié)果是,兩方案活檢證實急排發(fā)生率相當(dāng)[31]。但本試驗實際操作上存在不完善之處,使其結(jié)果說服力下降。該文獻承認(rèn),若劑量調(diào)整準(zhǔn)確,MPA監(jiān)測會有積極意義[31]。

2010年P(guān)remaud分析了APOMYGRE證明監(jiān)測有效而FDCC得出相反結(jié)論的原因。第一,APOMYGRE中72-85%病例嚴(yán)格按照劑量調(diào)整指南執(zhí)行,而FDCC只有48%。第二,APOMYGRE采用貝葉斯估計的LSS,取樣時間窗口更寬,估計AUC0-12更加接近全點AUC,而FDCC采用MLR LSS,取樣時間窗口窄(±5 min),取樣時間點偏差會導(dǎo)致AUC0-12估計不準(zhǔn)確,且在低范圍值時估計值往往會偏高[54]。

2009年,Gaston等報道,Opticept試驗比較了固定劑量方案和MPA總濃度監(jiān)控方案的療效(n=565),并且研究監(jiān)控方案能否有助于減少CNIs的使用。FD組為每人2 g/d(兒童每人每天1.2 mg/m2)MMF,CC組為控制MPA谷濃度>1.3 mg/L(環(huán)孢霉素)或者>1.9 mg/L(他克莫司)。結(jié)果是,至第12個月實驗結(jié)束為止,各組活檢證實急排發(fā)生率相當(dāng)。此研究證明了,MPA總濃度監(jiān)控方案聯(lián)合減低劑量的CN I抗排斥效果不會差于其他方案,且可能有助于提高移植物遠期效果,但監(jiān)控方案沒有明顯優(yōu)勢[32]。MPA谷濃度與臨床結(jié)果相關(guān)性不強,作為監(jiān)測指標(biāo)效果不佳。

2008年,一篇系統(tǒng)評價歸納了2007年及之前有關(guān)實體器官移植的文獻,得出結(jié)論:MPA監(jiān)測不能使患者受益。但其結(jié)論需辯證看待。首先,大部分研究并非完全隨機和盲性設(shè)計;此外,相當(dāng)一部分研究沒有控制干擾因素,如配伍的藥物[55]。

3 發(fā)展方向

盡管歐美國家對于MPA藥物及其監(jiān)測已有較深入的研究,但其研究結(jié)論尚不統(tǒng)一,其臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)及經(jīng)驗也不能簡單照搬到中國。例如,臨床應(yīng)用發(fā)現(xiàn),若按照歐美劑量,國人會出現(xiàn)較多不良反應(yīng)。然而我們可以借鑒國外的監(jiān)測經(jīng)驗及機理,觀察中國不同人群、不同情況下的MPA藥代動力學(xué)特點,建立以MPA為基礎(chǔ)的激素及CNIs組成的免疫抑制維持方案,了解能否在減少藥物不良反應(yīng)而又不增加排斥反應(yīng)、腎炎復(fù)發(fā)及尿蛋白發(fā)生率的情況下,提高腎移植長期存活率的目的。另外,由于EC-MPS與MMF在人體內(nèi)的代謝過程不同,且可用于監(jiān)測MMF的有限取樣法不能用于EC-MPS的監(jiān)測[56],因此對于EC-MPS的用藥研究。因此,需要建立其他的方法去監(jiān)測服用EC-MPS患者的MPA暴露量,從而做到個體化用藥。

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