John Murtagh
病人基本情況:金, 42歲, 警察, 診斷為2 型糖尿病,并發(fā)高血壓, 輕微高血脂。
檢查結(jié)果小結(jié):空腹血糖6.7 mmol/L;餐后2 h葡萄糖耐量試驗12.8 mmol/L;血清總膽固醇5.7 mmol/L, 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇3.2 mmol/L;血壓145/90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);吸煙每天10支。
初步治療計劃:主要通過改善生活方式來管理慢性病, 特別是改善飲食, 戒煙, 增加身體活動, 增加娛樂活動來放松身心, 并輔助藥物治療[1]。
糖尿病管理目標:(1)體重減低5%~10%;(2)血糖控制在4 ~6 mmol/L;(3)糖化血紅蛋白<7%;(4)血壓<130/80 mm Hg;(5)低密度脂蛋白膽固醇<2.5 mmol/L。
對患者的飲食指導(dǎo):減少飲食中的脂肪 (特別是飽和脂肪), 每天吃5份蔬菜和2份水果。應(yīng)該避免或減少碳水化合物的攝入, 特別是那些血糖指數(shù)高的飲料 (含糖的飲料)和精粉面包。
對患者身體活動的指導(dǎo):目標是每天至少30 min的中等強度身體活動, 包括每天散步以及有阻抗力的上肢和下肢強度訓(xùn)練。
(1)體質(zhì)指數(shù) (BMI)31 kg/m2; (2)血壓140/90 mm Hg;(3)空腹血糖7.2 mmol/L; (4)糖化血紅蛋白8.3%;(5)血清總膽固醇5.5 mmol/L, 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇2.7 mmol/L;(6)蛋白尿3 mg/mmol(n<2.5)。
看過上面的病歷, 你認為應(yīng)該怎樣進一步管理患者的糖尿病?
雖然金辨稱自己努力地調(diào)整生活方式, 但我認為他實際上做得并不好。他的體重降低了一些, 血脂指標也下降了一些,但是他仍然超重, 仍然有高血壓。他的吸煙從10支降低到5支, 但還是沒有戒煙。他的空腹血糖和糖化血紅蛋白指標還是不理想, 而且還有微量白蛋白尿。金應(yīng)該繼續(xù)堅持改善飲食和加強身體活動, 并進一步達到戒煙的目標。應(yīng)該強調(diào), 戒煙是糖尿病管理的優(yōu)先目標。
現(xiàn)在可以考慮讓金開始服用口服降糖藥, Metformin是首選的降糖藥, 特別適合于體重超重的糖尿病患者。
他的血壓一直降不下來, 這要引起足夠的重視, 因為高血壓是糖尿病患者發(fā)生心肌梗死和腦卒中的重要危險因素, 因此要積極地控制血壓?,F(xiàn)在可以考慮讓患者開始服用血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑 (ACE inhibitor)。
這時候金已經(jīng)55歲了。從42歲初次診斷為糖尿病到現(xiàn)在, 已經(jīng)有13年。
臨床病史:金主訴疲勞乏力的感覺越來越嚴重。開始的時候血糖控制還不錯, 但后來變得越來越惡化。在服用口服降糖藥Metformin的同時, 加上了磺酰脲類藥物 (格列齊特緩釋片, 160 mg/d)。高血壓控制藥為培哚普利5 mg/d。鑒于他的血脂還在增高, 給他服用辛伐他汀 (Simvastatin)40 mg/d。
隨訪的檢查結(jié)果:BMI 28 kg/m2;血壓125/85 mm Hg;空腹血糖10 mmol/L;糖化血紅蛋白8.3%;蛋白尿12 mg/mmol;eGFR 70;總膽固醇4 mmol/L, 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇2.2 mmol/L。
盡管使用了多種口服降糖藥, 患者的糖尿病控制效果還是不好。我把金轉(zhuǎn)診到糖尿病??崎T診。糖尿病專家告訴我, 金的糖尿病可能已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了β-細胞凋亡的階段, 應(yīng)該考慮胰島素治療。有研究證據(jù)表明, 早期和及時的胰島素治療, 是更好地管理糖尿病的關(guān)鍵措施之一[1]。
標準的治療方法是晚上注射低劑量的低精蛋白胰島素 (Isophane)10單位。同時繼續(xù)服用Metformin和 suphonylurea。繼續(xù)使用Metformin可以幫助患者減少對胰島素的依賴性, 并減少胰島素的注射量。要根據(jù)空腹血糖的變化情況, 每3 ~4 d調(diào)整胰島素治療方案, 使血糖維持在目標水平。每個月要檢查糖化血紅蛋白3 ~6次, 這是血糖控制的綜合評價指標。
1 Harris MF, Makeham M, Vagholar S, et al.Type 2 diabetes.Check Program 448 [M].Melbourne:RACGP, 2009.
譯者注:飽和脂肪:主要來自于肉類和乳類的脂肪。世界衛(wèi)生組織建議人們限制飽和脂肪的攝入量, 因為它已經(jīng)被證明是心血管疾病的危險因素, 導(dǎo)致血膽固醇升高, 動脈粥樣硬化、冠狀動脈疾病和中風(fēng)等疾病。
身體活動強度:大致可以分成日常身體活動, 中等強度活動, 高等強度活動。日常身體活動是每天生活和工作中的活動, 如騎車、走路、走樓梯、打理花草、遛寵物等。中等強度活動是能讓呼吸和心跳增加的活動, 比如快走、中速游泳、中速騎車等, 世界衛(wèi)生組織建議每天要做累計30 min的中等強度活動, 每次至少10 ~15 min。高等強度活動是呼吸和心跳更快的運動, 包括大多數(shù)體育活動, 如踢球、打籃球、健身操、快跑、快騎車等。建議每次至少30 min, 每星期3 ~4次。
Initialmanagementwas as follows:The key approach was to manage the condition with optimal life style strategies especially though diet, no smoking, increased physicalactivity and relaxation includingmore recreation andmedication[1].
Goal to achieve: (1)A 5% ~10% reduction in body weight.(2)Blood glucose 4 ~6 mmol/L.(3)HbA1c<7%.(4)BP<130/80 mm Hg.(5)LDL-C<2.5 mmol/L.
Diet:Low in fat(especially low in saturated fat)and include 5 servesofvegetables and 2 of fruitper day.Carbohydrates thathave a high glycaemic index(e.g.softsugar drink, white bread)should be avoided or reduced.
Physicalactivity:Aim for at least30 minutesa day ofmoderate intensity physicalactivity such as walking each day and strength training(with resistance)involving both upper and lower limbs.
Follow up at6 months
Kim′smeasurements were as follows: (1)BMI 31 kg/m2.(2)BP 140/90 mm Hg.(3)Fasting blood glucose 7.2 mmol/L.(4)HbA1c8.3%.(5)Total cholesterol5.5 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.7 mmol/L.(6)Albuminuria3 mg/mmol(n<2.5).
Whatwould be your approach to Kim′smanagement following this review?
Kim hashad an unsatisfactory response to his lifestylemodification although he claimed tohavemade agood attempt.He did lose weight and his lipid levels improved but he is still overweight and hypertensive.He reduced his smoking to 5 cigarettesaday.His fasting blood sugar and HbA1clevel are unsatisfactory and he has evidence ofmild microalbuminuria.
Kim should continue with his diet and physical activity and take the nextstep to quit smoking as smoking cessation isa priority in themanagementof diabetes.
It would now beappropriate to commence him on an oralhypoglycaemic agentandmetformin is the first lineagentespecially as he is overweight.
His persistent hypertension is still a concern as it is an important risk factor formyocardial infarction and stroke in people with diabetes and should be actively controlled.It would be appropriate to connence him on an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
Follow up at13 years-K im aged 55 years
Clinical history:Kim reports increasing tiredness and lack of energy.His glycaemic control had improved initially but then gradually deteriorated and sulfonylurea agent(gliclazidemodified release tablets, 160 mg/d)was added to the metformin.His hypertension was treated with perindopril 5 mg daily.His lipids increased so he was prescribed simvastatin 40 mg daily.
Kim′smeasurements:BMI 28 kg/m2, BP 125/85 mm Hg,F(xiàn)asting blood glucose 10 mmol/L, HbA1c8.3%, Albuminuria 12 mg/mmol, eGFR 70, Total cholesterol 4 mmol/L, LDL-C 2.2 mmol/L.
Kim′s diabetic control is poor despite the combined oral therapy and a third oral agent-one of the glitazoneswas considered.He was referred to a diabetes consultant who considered that he had probably reached a stage of beta cell failure and it was decided to introduce insulin sinceearly and timely initiation of insulin is a key element of evidence based on optimal treatment of type 2 diabetes[1].
A standard approach is to simply add low dose isophane(e.g.10 units)atnight.Continue theoralagentsmetformin and the suphonylurea although guidelinesaboutwhat to dowith theseagents while on insulin vary.Continuingmetformin helps to reduce insulin resistance and the amountof insulin needed.Adjust the insulin therapy gradually every 3 to 4 days according to the fasting blood glucose level until the target level is reached.Check overall blood glucose controlbymeasuring HbA1c3 ~6 monthly.
Reference
1 Harris MF, Makeham M, Vagholar S, et al.Type 2 diabetes.Check Program 448 [M].Melbourne:RACGP, 2009.