張金亞
一、基本用法說明
疑問詞 what, which, who, when, where, how 及連接副詞 whether 與不定式連用而形成一個(gè)短語,這個(gè)短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,可在句中作主語、賓語或表語等。
1. 作主語。如:
What to do is not decided yet. 該做什么還沒有確定。
How to begin is more difficult than where to stop. 如何開始比到哪里停止還困難。
2. 作賓語。如:
Do you know when to start? 你知道什么時(shí)候開始嗎?
I showed her which button to press. 我告訴她應(yīng)該按哪一個(gè)按鈕。
有時(shí)還可用于介詞后作賓語。如:
I found a book on how to avoid having a heart attack. 我找到一本談如何避免心臟病復(fù)發(fā)的書。
She was worried about how to fill her leisure time. 她為如何打發(fā)她的閑暇時(shí)間而發(fā)愁。
3. 作表語。如:
The question is how to carry out the plan. 問題是怎樣執(zhí)行這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困難在于如何過河。
二、 五個(gè)應(yīng)用難點(diǎn)
難點(diǎn)一:是否用于疑問詞 why 之后
按英語習(xí)慣,有一個(gè)疑問詞不能用于“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),就是 why。如:
我不明白為什么馬上就走。
誤:I don't know why to leave at once.
正:I don't know why we must leave at once.
不過,why 后面可以跟不帶 to 的動詞不定式(即動詞原形),用以表示某動作是不必要的或無意義的。如:
Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value. 為什么花更多的錢到其他商店去買呢? 我們這里最物美價(jià)廉。
另外,why 后面不帶 to 的動詞不定式有時(shí)也可能是否定的,該結(jié)構(gòu)主要用來提出建議。如:
You're looking tired. Why not take a holiday? 你一臉倦容,怎么不休假呢?
難點(diǎn)二:與動詞 think 連用有何特別之處
“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),通常不用于動詞 think 的現(xiàn)在式和過去式之后,但可以用于 think 的其他形式之后(如進(jìn)行式)。如:
I'm thinking what to do next. 我在想接下來要做什么。
另外,“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)也通常用于還有助動詞的 think 之后。如:
She couldn't think what to say. 她想不出該說什么。
She couldn't think what to give the children for Christmas. 她想不出圣誕節(jié)該送孩子們什么禮物。
難點(diǎn)三:與動詞 know 連用要注意什么
當(dāng)要表示知道如何做某事,know 之后不能直接跟動詞不定式作賓語,此時(shí)可改用 know how to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
我會做西班牙式的攤雞蛋。
誤:I know to make Spanish omelettes.
正:I know how to make Spanish omelettes.
難點(diǎn)四:與某些只接動名詞作賓語的動詞連用
有些動詞可以接“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語,但通常不直接跟不定式作賓語。這類動詞主要有 consider (考慮), discover (發(fā)現(xiàn)), discuss (討論), explain (說明), find (out)(查到), know (知道), observe (觀察), suggest (提議), wonder (懷疑), understand (了解)等。如:
Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考慮過如何到那兒去?
Our teacher explained how to use the machine. 老師向我們說明如何使用這臺機(jī)器。
We discussed what to do and where we should go. 我們討論了該怎么辦及到哪里去。
你能說明一下蛋糕的做法嗎?
誤:Can you explain to make a cake?
正:Can you explain how to make a cake?
難點(diǎn)五:which to do 的兩種用法
要注意“which+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),其中的 which 有時(shí)是疑問詞。如:
I can't decide which to choose. 我不能決定選哪個(gè)好。
Did you ask her which to buy? 你問沒問她該買哪一個(gè)?
有時(shí)可能是關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)省略的定語從句,此時(shí)主要用于介詞后作賓語。如:
She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必須有冷靜下來的時(shí)間。
Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間來卸裝。
這兩句中的 which to...也可改為定語從句:
She must have time in which she can grow calm.
Allow me one minute in which I can change my costumes.
(編輯 周貞雄)