張建云
名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句四種。名詞性從句是高中學(xué)生必學(xué)的重要英語語法之一,也是歷年高考的重要內(nèi)容。在學(xué)名詞性從句時,學(xué)生經(jīng)常為What和that 在句中的用法而困惑。下面是我在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中對這一知識的總結(jié),供同學(xué)們參考:
What和that 都可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。但他們在句子中的語法功能截然不同。
一、在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,從屬連詞that一般要注意三個不(three nos):
1.不省略(no ellipsis)
當(dāng)從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句時,that不省略。例如:
1) There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006
年天津 14)
A. that B. which C. until D. if
解析:正確答案是A. that引導(dǎo)同位語從句, 具體說明chance的內(nèi)容。That只起連接作用,在從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何成分,也不可以省略。
2) The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us
do so. (2007年上海 40)
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
解析:正確答案是D. that引導(dǎo)表語從句,that不可省略 它在句中起連接作用,不作任何成分。
3) The news ______ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays
newspaper. (2008春季上海 33)
A. which B. whether C. whatD. that
解析:正確答案是D.that引導(dǎo)同位語從句,具體說明The news的內(nèi)容。that引導(dǎo)名詞
性從句時,在從句中只起連接作用,不作任何成分,也不可省略。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。which引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,在從句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語,意思是“哪一個”。
但在非正式文體中that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以省略,但that在下列兩種情況下,that在賓語從句中不省。
(1)在主+謂+it(形式賓語)+賓補(bǔ)+that 從句(真正賓語) 的句型中that不省略。例如:
4) He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. (that不可以省略)
他很明確地說他寧愿學(xué)習(xí)英語。
(2) 由連詞and連接的兩個由that引導(dǎo) 的賓語從句中, 第一個賓語從句中的that可以省
略,而第二個賓語從句前的that不省略。
5) Having checked the doors were closed, and _______all the lights were off, the boy opened
the door to his bedroom. (2007年湖南 28)
A. why B. that C. whenD. where
解析:正確答案是B. that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句,在從句中起連接作用,不作任何成分,常被省略。但當(dāng)謂語動詞后接兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句時,第一個that可以省略,第二個that不可以省略。故選B.
2.不作成分(no component)
that 在名詞性從句中不作任何句子成分。例如:
6) One advantage of playing the guitar is ______it can give you a great deal of pleasure. (2006年上海,35)
A. how B. why C. that D. when
解析:正確答案是C. that 引導(dǎo)表語從句,在表語從句中起連接作用,不作任何成分。
7) A warm thought suddenly came to me ______I might use the pocket money to buy some
flowers for my mothers birthday. (2006年安徽 29)
A. ifB. when C.that D.which
解析:正確答案是C,that在句中引導(dǎo)同位語從句,具體說明thought的內(nèi)容,that在從句中只起連接作用,不作任何成分。
3.沒詞義(no Chinese meaning)
that 在名詞性從句中沒有漢語意義。例如:
8) (2006年湖南,34)With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat,
feeling pleased _______ he was a man of action.
A. which B. thatC. whatD. whether
解析:正確答案是B. feeling pleased 后接that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,that 在從句中起連接作用,不作任何成分,也無詞匯意義。
9) Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______he had to meet his
uncle at the air-port. (2006年重慶 34)
A. whyB. that C. whereD. because
解析:正確答案是B. that在句中引導(dǎo)同位語從句,具體說明reason的內(nèi)容,that在從句中只起連接作用,在句中沒有漢語意義)
二、在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,What一般要注意一個不(one no),一個有(meaning),一個作(component):
1.不省略
what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,what 在句中不省略。that 引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時that也不可以省略,但在非正式文體中that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以省略。例如:
10) ______he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007年上海 39)
A. ThatB. What C. WhetherD. Where
解析:正確答案是B. What 。 What 在句中引導(dǎo)主語從句,同時在從句中作referred to 的賓語。What在句中不省略。That在引導(dǎo)主語從句中時,在從句中只起連接作用,不作任何成分。
11) ______we are sure about is the need to prevent children form being spoiled. (2008年春
季上海 40)
A. What B. Which C. WhetherD. That
解析:正確答案是A. What 。 What 在句中引導(dǎo)主語從句,同時在從句中作介詞about的賓語。What在句中不省略。That在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句中時,在從句中只起連接作用,不作任何成分。
2.有詞義
what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時有詞義,意思是“--的東西/事情/話”,這一用法與that 用法不一樣。例如:
12) Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. (2007年江蘇 25)
A. whatB. whyC. how D. whether
解析:正確答案是A. what,what 在句中引導(dǎo)賓語從句,what在從句中作for的賓語,意思是“……的事情或什么”。全句意思是“選擇正確的詞典依賴于你使用它做什么?!?/p>
13) ______matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007年全國Ⅱ 17)
A. WhatB. Why C. Where D. which
解析:正確答案是A. What,What 在句中引導(dǎo)主語從句,在從句中作主語,意思是“……的事情/……的 ”。全句意思是“學(xué)習(xí)英語至關(guān)重要的是足夠的練習(xí)?!?/p>
3.作成分
what 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,在從句中充當(dāng)成分,常常在從句中作主語、表語或賓語。這一用法與that 用法不一樣。例如:
14) The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ______ it is. (2007天津 15)
A. whatB. which C. how D. where
解析:正確答案是A. what,what 在句中引導(dǎo)賓語從句,同時在從句中作is的表語。
15) ______ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008年山東,23)
A. ItB. This C. WhatD. As
解析:正確答案是C. what,what 在句中引導(dǎo)主語從句,同時what在從句中作主語,that 在名詞性從句中不作成分。she told me是插入語。
三、要特別提醒同學(xué)們的幾點(diǎn):
1. What可以放在介詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句,并且在從句中作主語、賓語或表語;而that不可以。例如:
16)—Could you do me a favor?
—It depends on ______it is. (2006北京,29)
A. which B. whichever C. whatD. whatever
解析:正確答案是C.。因?yàn)樵诮樵~on 后面,應(yīng)該用what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,what在賓語從句中作表語。而that不可以這樣用。
17) As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ______he will do or think. (2008年
上海 34)
A. whatB. which C. whomD. that
解析:正確答案是A. what引導(dǎo)了介詞about 后面的賓語從句,同時what又在從句中作do 和think的賓語。而that 沒有這種用法,所以選A what.
2.that可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,that在定語從句中要充當(dāng)成分,通常作定語從句中的主語、
賓語。同時that也可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在名詞性從句中that 不充當(dāng)成分。 但What不可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。它只可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在句中相當(dāng)于 what =all that ,what 在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)成分,常常作主語、賓語和表語。另外,what 可以引導(dǎo)感嘆句,作句子的賓語,而that 沒有這一用法。例如:
18) You can only be sure of _______you have at present ; you cannot be sure of something ______you might get in the future. (2007年安徽,33)
A. that; whatB. what; / C. which ; thatD. / ; that
解析:正確答案是B,what 在句中引導(dǎo)賓語從句,作介詞of 的賓語,what在賓語從句中作have 的賓語。Something 后接that.引導(dǎo)的定語從句,that.可以省略
19) Do you have any idea ______is actually going on in the classroom? (2005年遼寧,29)
A. thatB. what C. as D. which
解析:正確答案是B,what 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,what 在同位語從句中作主語,而that在同位語從句中不作成分。
20) I was surprised by her words ,which made me recognize ______silly mistakes I had
made. (2005年湖南,35)
A. whatB.thatC. howD. which
解析:正確答案是A,what 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句,作recognize的賓語,而that不可以引導(dǎo)感嘆句。