洪德金

任務(wù)型閱讀要求考生根據(jù)閱讀文章提供的信息用恰的詞語完成與短文相關(guān)的圖表。做任務(wù)型閱讀時，我們需要理解文章內(nèi)容及表格結(jié)構(gòu)，在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將文章定位到的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成適當(dāng)形式填入表格中。信息轉(zhuǎn)換時有一定的思路和方法，掌握了這種方法就能達(dá)到事半功倍。下面我們來介紹常見的種種轉(zhuǎn)換方法。

一、名詞數(shù)和格的轉(zhuǎn)換

1．英語中，可數(shù)名詞表示類別時可以用a/the＋單數(shù)形式，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式 (這時名詞前不加冠詞)。名詞還有普通格和所有格之分。命題者可以根據(jù)名詞這些特性命題，讓考生進(jìn)行名詞單復(fù)數(shù)或格之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

They offer high quality education at a low cost.

In 1950, nearly a fifth of the population lived in the 20 largest cities of the nation.

In 1950, in the (2)______20 largest cities lived almost 20% of the population.

2．詞性間的轉(zhuǎn)換

英語中，不同的詞性有不同的作用，充當(dāng)不同的句子成分，而不同的句子成分也需要用不同的詞性。如：謂語要用動詞，主語、賓語用名詞、動名詞、不定式等，表語用名詞、形容詞、動名詞、分詞、不定式等，定語用形容詞等，狀語用副詞等?？忌鷦?wù)必認(rèn)真審題，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)句法和詞法知識，把文章中的信息詞轉(zhuǎn)換成適當(dāng)形式填入表格中。例如：

But critics say the current system wastes money and delays the arrival of needed food.

→Food doesnt (3)______ on time.

United States government agencies have to buy American-produced food.

→Food must be bought from (4)_______.

Changing it could harm food-aid programs.

→Changing it could be (5)_______ to food-aid programs.

There were mainly two types of families in the United States.

→There were two (6)______ types of families in the United States.

But the system also has supporters among agricultural and shipping groups, and lawmakers in Congress.

→Agricultural and shipping groups, as well as lawmakers, (7)_______ the current system.

Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.

→A relationship which can (8)_______ two sides should be established.

Mass production (of laptops) is expected to begin in October, once a final design is approved.

→After the final design is approved, more laptops will be (9)______.

Apologize when you are wrong.

→Make an (10)______ when you are wrong.

Cheating athletes are easier to catch out.

→Cheating athletes can be (11)______ caught out.

What should we do so that our communication will be effective?

→How to communicate (12)_______

Because university tuition is so expensive, many students also work part-time while they are at university.

→Find a part-time (13)______ while at university.

3句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換可以是簡單句與簡單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，簡單句與并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，簡單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，或者是復(fù)合句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，復(fù)合句與并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

Mr. Gardner cited the account of the driver as an example of what he calls “good work”—a calling that combines excellent performance…

→”Good work” is (14)______ combines excellent performance.

When these bags go to landfills or are burned, they pollute the air, waterways and soil, which forms a huge threat to the health of humans.

→When these bags go to landfills or are burned, they pollute air, (15)_____ a huge threat to the health of humans.

It takes them almost 1,000 years to break down into particles that do not harm the environment.

→It takes them a very long time to break down into (16)______ particles.

常見同義結(jié)構(gòu)：except for, apart from, except that/when/where; above all, what is the most important; the reason for, why; the cause of…, what caused…; the last … that…, what sb wanted to … least; sb should do sth, Its necessary for sb to do sth; but for, without, if it wasnt for/hadnt been for…; was on the point of doing sthwhen…, was about to do sth when…; its time to do sth, Its time that sb did sth; Its certain that…, sb/sth is certain/sure to do sth; Its possible/probable/likely that, sb/sth is likely to do sth; It so happened that…, sb/sth happened to do sth; It seemed that…, sb/sth seemed to do sth; As it turned out, …, It turned out that…, sb/sth turned out to do sth; As is known,…, Its well know that…, What is known is that…; before long, soon, It wasnt long/wont be long before…; It was at three oclock that…, It was three oclock when…等等。

4．同義轉(zhuǎn)換

任務(wù)型閱讀在解題時常常需要進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換，就是將定位到的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成同義詞或同義詞組填入表格。例如：

Critics among charity groups have called for changes to the current system.

→Charity groups are (17)______ the current system.

Years ago, I boarded a bus with a driver, who entertained his passengers with a variety of topics.

→A driver who took to (18)______ pleasure to his passengers.

This (structure) will probably change again in the twenty-first century.

→The present structure is 190)______ --it will experience changes again in the near future.

American movie companies are exporting smoking in youth-rated movies.

→American movie companies are thought to be “selling smoking” (20)______.

Many people are unconvinced when they hear movies might contribute to adolescent smoking.

→Many people dont (21)______ movies contribution to teen smoking.

Experts say infections from dirty water kill several thousand children…

→Drinking dirty water (22)_____ several thousand children their lives…

Organizers say more than twenty percent of the world population lack clean drinking water.

→Over one-fifth of the world population dont have (23)_____ clean water.

Accept that friendships change. “Friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change,” Wilmot observes.

→We should be (24)_____ of the fact that friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change.

Athletes in all sports can now train more effectively.

→Athletes in all sports can train in a more effective (25)_____.

There are a range of abilities that can lead to success in life beyond math and verbal skills.

→Many factors besides math and verbal skills are (26)_____ for success in life.

The most effective people never change character from one situation to another.

→Dont change character in (27)_____ situations.

常見同義詞（組）：besides, beyond, in addition to, apart from, on top of, whats more, other than; after three years, three years later; but, nevertheless, and yet, on the contrary, in contrast; so, thus, as a result; the rest of the students, the other students; other people, others; many, many a, a large number of, a lot of; punctually, in time; learn, pick up; memorize, learn…by heart; eventually, at last, in the end, finally; first of all, firstly; take into account/consideration, consider; would rather do, prefer to do, would like to do; due to, because of, owing to, on account of; most of, the majority of; various, a variety of; 25% of, a quarter of; half an hour, 30 minutes, a fortnight, two weeks; a decade, 10 years; a century, 100 years等等。

5．反義轉(zhuǎn)換

任務(wù)型閱讀解題時也常常進(jìn)行反義轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

Decide what you really like to do and what you would like to spend your life doing. That is more important than deciding what particular job to hold.

→Deciding what job to hold is (28)______ important.

Its surprising how often a dispute result from a simple misunderstanding.

→Simple misunderstandings (29)______ to many disputes.

6．動詞形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

動詞形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換包括主動與被動語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，單數(shù)謂語與復(fù)數(shù)謂語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，謂語動詞與非謂語形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，非謂語動詞與非謂語動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

The country has to refine 5 million tons of crude oil every year to make plastic bags.

→Every year 5 million tons of crude oil is (30)______ to make enough plastic bags.

His plan would provide food aid by buying crops directly from farmers in the developing world.

→Crops will be (31)_____directly from farmers in the developing world.

This technology falls into two main groups: improving an athletes performance in competition, and allowing results to be measured more accurately.

→Science can (32)_____ athletes performance in competition and get results (33)_____ more accurately.

To help students pay for their education, the government offers loans which students do not have to repay until after they graduate.

→Apply for the loans (34)_____ by the government, which can be repaid after graduation.

答案與解析：

(1)costs。cost前的不定冠詞去掉了，故單數(shù)需轉(zhuǎn)換成復(fù)數(shù)。

(2)nations。表示所有關(guān)系的of the nation短語轉(zhuǎn)換成s所有格。

(3)arrive。做賓語的名詞arrival轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞做謂語。

(4)Americans。把構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞American-produced的單數(shù)名詞American轉(zhuǎn)換成復(fù)數(shù)名詞做賓語。

(5)harmful。做謂語的動詞harm轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞做表語。

(6)main。副詞mainly轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞做定語。

(7)support。做賓語的名詞supporters轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞做謂語。

(8)benefit。做定語的形容詞beneficial轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞做謂語。

(9)produced。做主語的名詞production轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞做謂語。

(10)apology。做謂語的動詞apologize轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞做賓語。

(11)easily。做表語的形容詞easy轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞做狀語。

(12)effectively。做表語的形容詞effective轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞做狀語。

(13)job。做謂語的動詞work轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞job做賓語。

(14)what。引導(dǎo)定語從句that轉(zhuǎn)換成what引導(dǎo)表語從句。

(15)forming。定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞作定語。

(16)harmless。定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞做定語。

(17)against。要求對現(xiàn)行體系進(jìn)行改變自然就是反對它。

(18)bringing。entertain轉(zhuǎn)換成bring pleasure to。

(19)temporary。馬上要變化就意味著現(xiàn)在是臨時的。

(20)abroad。export轉(zhuǎn)換成sell…abroad。

(21)believe。be unconvinced轉(zhuǎn)換成dont believe。

(22)costs。kill轉(zhuǎn)換成cost sb ones life。

(23)enough/adequate。lack轉(zhuǎn)換成not have enough/ adequate。

(24)aware。accept that轉(zhuǎn)換成be aware of the fact that。

(25)way。effectively轉(zhuǎn)換成in an effective way。

(26)responsible。lead to轉(zhuǎn)換成be responsible for。

(27)different。change from one situation to another轉(zhuǎn)換成change in different situations。

(28)less。比較對象與被比較對象位置顛倒，more important就需轉(zhuǎn)換成反義詞less important。

(29)lead/contribute。主語與賓語位置交換，result from轉(zhuǎn)換成反義詞lead/contribute to。

(30)refined。主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài).。

(31)bought。做賓語的動名詞buying轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)的謂語形式。

(32)improve。做同位語的動名詞improving轉(zhuǎn)換成improve跟情態(tài)動詞can一起做謂語。

(33)measured。做賓語補足語的被動語態(tài)不定式轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞做賓語補足語。

(34)offered/provided。做謂語的offers轉(zhuǎn)換成過去分詞offered做定語。

轉(zhuǎn)換的方式除了上面所介紹的轉(zhuǎn)換方式以外，還可以是分?jǐn)?shù)詞與百分?jǐn)?shù)的轉(zhuǎn)換、比較等級之間的轉(zhuǎn)換等。要想能夠在任務(wù)型閱讀中進(jìn)行確當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換，平時必須打好基礎(chǔ)注重同義詞反義詞的學(xué)習(xí)，同一意思多種表達(dá)的學(xué)習(xí)。