張素霞

1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于指經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往帶有長(zhǎng)久的含義；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示此刻或近一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，往往帶有暫時(shí)的含義。例如：

He lives in Shanghai. 他住在上海。（長(zhǎng)久住在上海，但說(shuō)話時(shí)不一定在上海）

He is living in Shanghai. 他現(xiàn)在住在上海。（暫時(shí)住在上海，但不一定長(zhǎng)久住在上海）

—Bob must be very wealthy.

—Yes, he earns more in one day than I do in a week.

Listen to the two girls by the window. What language are they speaking?

【練一練】

① I____ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.

A. will play B. have played

C. played D. play

② —Is this raincoat yours?

—No, mine____behind the door.

A. hangs B. is hung

C. hung D. is hanging

③ The machine_____. It hasnt worked for years.

A. is not working B. didnt work

C. wasnt working D. doesnt work

2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

一般過(guò)去時(shí)往往表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，具有持續(xù)和未完成的含義。例如：

I was quickly getting used to that kind of life. 我正在迅速地適應(yīng)那種生活。（還在適應(yīng)中）

I quickly got used to that kind of life. 我已習(xí)慣那種生活了。（已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了）

He rang the bell six times. (談?wù)撨^(guò)去多次重復(fù)的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí))

My watch was going at 6:00 but now it has stopped.

當(dāng)表示在一個(gè)歷時(shí)較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行過(guò)程中發(fā)生了較短動(dòng)作時(shí)，較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示，較短的動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示。例如：

Linda was dancing, but when she saw me she stopped.

I broke a glass while I was cooking the dinner.

【練一練】

① Shirley____a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.

A. wrote B. had written

C. was writing D. would write

② —Have you heard that passengers are required to be examined?

—Yeah. I____about it in a newspaper.

A. had read B. would read

C. read D. will read

③ —Have you decided yet?

—Yes, I____at once.

A. have decided B. will decide

C. decided D. had decided

④ Lincoln had just gone out of his carriage, and____to the entrance of the theatre when a loud call came from behind. He turned and was shot.

A. walked B. had walked

C. was walking D. had been walking

⑤ I____along the street looking for a place to park when the accident_____.

A. went; was occurring

B. went; ocurred

C. was going; occurred

D. was going; had occurred

3. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

二者所表示的動(dòng)作均發(fā)生在過(guò)去。一般過(guò)去時(shí)僅指動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生了，對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有影響；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作雖發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但影響到現(xiàn)在。例如：

We havent met our new neighbours yet, so we dont know their names.(過(guò)去沒(méi)見(jiàn)，故現(xiàn)在不知名字)

—I hear you have an experience in the Royal Air Force. Is that true?

—Yes. I served in the Royal Air Force for six years.(過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷)

Danny has worked hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.

如果有與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間沒(méi)有聯(lián)系的具體的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，就要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：

I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I went there several years ago.

—Have you found your pen yet?

—Yes. I found it when I emptied my drawer.

I saw Jane and her boy friend in the park at 8：00 yesterday evening.

【練一練】

① He____abroad for ten years and now he is used to the life in Beijing.

A. has lived B. had lived

C. lived D. was living

② The price____but I doubt whether it will remain so.

A. was brought down

B. went down

C. has been brought down

D. has been gone down

③ It is said in the book that Thomas Edison (1847-1931)____the worlds leading inventor for sixty years.

A. would be B. has been

C. was D. had been

④ —Impossible. She____TV with me in my home then.

A. watched B. had watched

C. would watch D. was watching

⑤My friend went to Canada two years ago. He____there for a few months and then went to America.

A. was living B. had lived

C. was living D. lived

4. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)

二者參照的時(shí)間不同。一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常指相對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的過(guò)去；過(guò)去完成時(shí)指過(guò)去的過(guò)去。例如：

He tried several times. (相對(duì)現(xiàn)在而言)

He said he had tried at least three times.（try在said這個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前）

They became friends again that day. Until then, they had not spoken to each other for nearly two years.

【練一練】

① In 1960, I____her for 10 years; I

____her for the first time in 1950.

A. knew; met

B. had known; had met

C. knew; had met

D. had known; met

② John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he____for the wedding.

A. will plan B. has planned

C. would plan D. had planned

③ The flowers were so lovely that they

_____in no time.

A. sold B. had been sold

C. would sell D. were sold

5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

二者區(qū)別不太明顯，都表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，一般情況下可互換。例如：

He has lived here since the 1980s.

He has been living here since the 1980s.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常用來(lái)表示完成的概念，說(shuō)明某一動(dòng)作剛剛完成，或者談?wù)搫?dòng)作的結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)活動(dòng)的延續(xù)性。例如：

I haven been reading your book. (I havent finished it yet.)

I have read your book.(I have fininshed reading it.)

Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she has been studying English for a year.

【練一練】

① We____on it for several hours but we havent yet reached any conclusion.

A. work

B. are working

C. have been working

D. had been working

② There isnt any milk in the fridge.

?

A. Was it all finished

B. Has it all finished

C. Has it all been finished

D. Did it all finish

③I____Miss Huggins for several years. I____her latest novel but I havent finished it.

A. knew; read

B. have known; have read

C. have known; have been reading

D. knew; was reading

6. will 和be going to

現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要發(fā)生某事或即將發(fā)生某種情況時(shí)用be going to。例如：

George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.

Look at the black clouds. It is going to rain.

如果是事先考慮過(guò)的，即說(shuō)話時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)考慮過(guò)的將要發(fā)生的事，要用be going to，如果不是事先考慮過(guò)的，即說(shuō)話時(shí)刻才作出的決定，要用will表示，它多用于一方聽(tīng)到另一方的話后做出的反應(yīng)。例如：

—I am catching the 7:00 train.

—So am I. I will give you a lift to the station.

【練一練】

① —Did you tell Peter that youd already got a job?

—Oh, no. I forgot. I____her now.

A. am going to call B. will call

C. call D. am calling

② Good heavens!I must hurry. It is

8:00 and I____be late.

A. am going to B. will

C. would be D. am

7. 時(shí)態(tài)的一致性

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)時(shí)間，此時(shí)不用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。但賓語(yǔ)從句不受此限制。例如：

Ｙou wont succeed unless you work hard.

I think it is necessary for my son to have his mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he will come home for dinner.

主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可以用各種時(shí)態(tài)；主句為過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用過(guò)去的各種時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

He told me that he would be taken to Beijing by his father.

Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didnt want her parents to know what she was doing.

【練一練】

① Send my regards to your parents when you____home next time.

A. wrote B. will write

C. have written D. write

②As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when____and see him.

A. you come B. will you come

C. do you dome D. you will come

③He was hoping to go abroad but his parents____that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.

A. have decided B. was deciding

C. decided D. will decide

④What we used to think impossible now

_____possible.

A. was B. will be

C. has been Ｄ． is

Keys: 1. ①D②D③D2. ①C②C③C④C⑤C3. ①C②C③C④D⑤D4. ①D②D③D5. ①C②C③C6. ①B②A7. ①D②D③A④D