任常有
一、詞語例解
1. recognize
vt. 認出;辨認
He has changed so much that I can hardly recognize him. 他變化了這么多,以至于我?guī)缀跽J不出他來。
I recognized her voice over the phone. 我在電話里聽出是她的聲音。
vt. 承認;認可;公認;后接名詞或從句,亦可接“賓語 + to be ...”或“賓語 + as ...”結(jié)構(gòu)。
He refused to recognize defeat. 他拒絕承認失敗。
He didnt recognize that he had made a big mistake. 他不承認自己犯下了大錯。
He is recognized to be one of the greatest poets in the 20th century. 他被公認為是20世紀最偉大的詩人之一。
【辨析】 know表示“認識某人”(know sb.)或“知道某事”(know sth.);recognize 為短暫性動詞,不能與延續(xù)的時間狀語連用;如需表示長時期相識時,可用動詞 know 取代 recognize。例如:
Jeanne had known Mathilde very well, but she couldnt recognize her when they met again.讓娜原先和瑪?shù)贍柕潞苁煜?。但?dāng)她們重逢時,讓娜卻認不出她了。
【搭配】 be recognized as ...被認為是……; recognize sth. / sb. as ... 把某物/某人看作
2. continue
vt. 繼續(xù),持續(xù)
We continued our journey,hoping to see him soon. 我們繼續(xù)我們的行程,希望很快見到他。
continue后可接動詞不定式或動名詞作賓語,意思基本一樣。
He continued working / to work as if nothing had happened. 他繼續(xù)工作,仿佛什么都沒發(fā)生。
He continued to write / writing when I spoke to him.他和我說話的時候他還繼續(xù)寫著。
vi. 繼續(xù),延伸
Their talk continued till late at night. 他們的談話一直持續(xù)到深夜。
The road continues in a straight line for 5 miles. 這條路直線延伸5英里。
After a short break the play continued. 短暫休息后演出又繼續(xù)開演了。
continue后可接“to be + adj.”,意為“繼續(xù)處于某種狀態(tài)”,此時to be可省略。
The weather continues to be cold and wet. 天氣仍然又冷又濕。
I continued angry with Jack. 我仍生杰克的氣。
【拓展】 有時在一篇文章的最后有“to be continued”的字樣,意思是“未完待續(xù),文章全文還未完”,“待續(xù)”。
3. besides
adv. 此外;再者;而且。常置于兩分句之間,表示兩分句之間具有遞進關(guān)系。例如:
She seemed to have no desire to go there; besides, her clothes were not good enough. 她似乎不想去那里,再者,她的衣服也不夠好。
I dont like those shoes; besides, they are too expensive. 那雙鞋我不喜歡,而且也太貴了。
I dont like those blue socks; what have you got besides?我不喜歡這些藍色的襪子;除此之外,你們還有別的嗎?
prep.除了;除……之外
Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables.除了牛奶和干酪外,我們還需要蔬菜。
Besides us,there were twelve people in the garden.除了我們之外,花園里還有12個人。
【辨析】 比較besides與except的用法區(qū)別:
besides是包括后面所提到的人或物在內(nèi),可以理解為“除……之外,還……;除……之外,又……”,表示兩部分都是肯定的。例如:
Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除他以外,還有25個學(xué)生去看了電影。(他和另外25個人都去了。)
We like biology besides English. 除了英語外,我們還喜歡生物。(生物和英語我們都喜歡。)
except是指不包括后面所提的人或物在內(nèi),表示排除except后的人或物,它常與all, everybody, everyone, everything, every day等全肯定的詞或none, nobody, nothing等全否定的詞連用。例如:
Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外,每個人都很激動。(他們激動,而我卻不激動。)
4. worth
adj. 有……價值的;值得(做)的。常構(gòu)成“be(well)worth + n. / doing”
The house is worth a lot of money.這棟房子值很多錢。
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 任何值得做的事就值得做好。
n. 價值;值一定金額的數(shù)量
This research project is of great worth. 這一研究項目很有價值。
He keeps in the safe $3 million worth of diamonds. 他在保險箱里放著價值三百萬美元的鉆石。
【聯(lián)想】 worthy adj. 有價值的,值得……的,常構(gòu)成搭配be worthy of sth.值得;配得上 be worthy of being done=be worthy to be done值得做
The cause is worthy of our continued support. 這一事業(yè)值得我們繼續(xù)不斷的支持。
worthwhileadj. 值得做的……;值得出力的,既可以做表語又可以作定語,常構(gòu)成以下搭配:be worthwhile doing / be worthwhile to do
It is worthwhile discussing the question again. = It is worthwhile to discuss the question again.
二、短語精析
1. call on拜訪;訪問;號召;要求
Last night I called on Mr. Black and had a long talk with him. 昨晚我拜訪了布萊克先生,并同他進行了長時間的交談。
I had planned to call on Mr. Smith, but I was too busy.我本打算去拜訪史密斯先生,但我實在太忙了。
He called on me to speak immediately after him. 他要求我在他講話后立即發(fā)言。
【辨析】 call at意為“pay a short visit to some places usu. sb.s house 訪問(某處)”。例如:
He always calls at our house before he got married. 他結(jié)婚前經(jīng)常到我們家來坐坐。
【聯(lián)想】 call back召回;收回;回電話; call for 要求;需要;提倡;為爭取……而呼吁call in 召來;召集;來訪;call off 叫走,支開;放棄,取消 call up打電話;回憶起;應(yīng)征入伍
2. bring back 帶回來;使回憶起;使恢復(fù)
Please bring back my notebook from the classroom. 請幫我把筆記本從教室里帶回來。
His story brought back our happy childhood together. 他講的故事使我們聯(lián)想到幸福的童年。
This new medicine brought me back to health quickly.這種新藥使我很快恢復(fù)了健康。
【聯(lián)想】 bring down使……下降,倒下,擊落; bring up教育,教養(yǎng)(兒童),提出(議題,計劃),打斷; bring in 引進,賺錢, bring ... to an end結(jié)束;bring ... to life使…… 蘇醒;bring ... to light發(fā)現(xiàn),將…… 公之于世
3. after all畢竟;終究;到底
I think we should let her go on holiday alone. After all, she is fifteen; shes not a child any more. 我想我們應(yīng)當(dāng)讓她獨自去度假。她畢竟已經(jīng)15歲了,不再是孩子了。
Its not surprising youre tired. After all, you were up until eleven last night! 難怪你感到疲倦。別忘了,你昨天晚上 11 點才睡覺呢。
after all還可表示“雖然有前面說過的話”或“和預(yù)期的情況相反”,指說話人意思的轉(zhuǎn)折,有“雖然……,但畢竟……”的含意。在表示這層意思時,after all一般放在句末。例如:
Mathilde thought it was a diamond necklace, but it wasnt a real one after all.瑪?shù)贍柕略詾槟鞘且粭l鉆石項鏈,但那終歸不是真的鉆石項鏈。
Although they met with difficulties, I hear that theyve succeeded after all. 他們雖然碰到了困難,但我聽說他們終究還是成功了。
4. come up with(針對問題等)想出;提供
He came up with good ideas for the product promotion. 他想出了推廣產(chǎn)品的好方法。
He could not come up with a proper answer.他想不出一個合適的回答。
【聯(lián)想】 走過來;被提出;被討論
A number of questions came up at the meeting.會議上提出了許多問題。
She came up and said, “Glad to meet you.”她走過來說,“很高興見到你?!?/p>
三、句式點睛
1. ... but I dont think I know you. 但是,我想我不認識你。
But I dont think we can go. 但是,我想我們不能去。
注意: 這兩句話的英語表達方式與漢語不同。漢語主句中的動詞“想”用肯定式,而賓語從句中的動詞用否定式。英語則相反。一般來說,在英語中,假如主句動詞是 think, suppose, believe, expect, imagine, feel等表示信念、揣測、愿望之類的動詞,后接從句要表達否定,其否定形式應(yīng)該前移到主句。
I dont think you are right. 我認為你不對。
I dont suppose I shall be back until 8 oclock. 我想八點以前我回不來。
I dont think he will come. 我認為他不會來。
要特別注意的是,這種否定轉(zhuǎn)移的句子,如果有附帶疑問句,要針對賓語從句發(fā)問,而且要把賓語從句視為否定句,如最后一句要加附帶疑問句,要說成I dont think he will come, will he?。
2. Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball.我和皮埃爾在舞會上的確玩得很痛快。
(1) 注意本句中的“Pierre and I”, 一般不說“I and Pierre”。英語中習(xí)慣把別人放在前面,而把自己放在后面,以示謙遜,如 he and I, my brother and I, Mr. White and I, 而漢語通常說“我和他”、“我和弟弟”、“我和懷特先生”。例如:
Mr. White and I were invited to the ball.我和懷特先生應(yīng)邀參加了舞會。
My elder brother and I worked day and night to keep the family. 我和哥哥為了養(yǎng)家而日夜操勞。
但在承認錯誤的時候,英語往往是把 I 放在其他人的前面,以示勇于認錯。例如:
I and Mr. White are to blame. 我和懷特先生都應(yīng)當(dāng)受責(zé)備。
I and my brother made the mistake. 我和兄弟犯了這個錯誤。
(2) Pierre and I did have a good time ... 中的 did 是助動詞,用在肯定句中,起強調(diào)作用,帶有感情色彩,可譯成“真的”、“的確”等詞語。其后的動詞要用原形。又如:
You do look nice today. 你今天看來真是漂亮。
He does speak well. 他的確能言善道。
We did need help those days. 在那些日子里我們的確需要幫助。
3. Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never, never a moments rest. 數(shù)年辛勞,食不果腹,屈居寒舍,片刻也不得休息。
這是個單成分句,由四個名詞詞組組成。單成分句,其本身是一個相對完整的語言單位,不需要增補其它的句子成分。這句話可理解為:
We had ten years of hard work but we had little food to eat. We had only a small room to live in and we never had a moments rest.
不定式to live in在句中作定語,如果作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞有動賓關(guān)系,在不及物動詞后通常要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。例如:
The old lady has a very comfortable room to live in. 這個老婦人有一間舒服的房間居住。
I have no paper to write a letter on and no pen to write with. 我沒有用來寫信的紙和筆。
There is nothing to worry about. 沒有什么好擔(dān)心的。
4. And then I saw a lovely diamond necklace with a big blue stone in the centre.后來,我發(fā)現(xiàn)一條可愛的鉆石項鏈,中間還有一顆藍色石頭。
with a big blue stone in the centre 是由 with+名詞或代詞+介詞短語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作定語,修飾 necklace。例如:
The woman with a baby in her arms is Tang Lings sister. 那位抱著小孩的婦女是唐玲的姐姐。
with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為“with + 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語”,with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還可作狀語,表示伴隨情況。例如:
The old man sat in an armchair with a newspaper in his hands.那位老人坐在扶手椅上,手里拿著一張報紙。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back。兇手被帶進來了,雙手綁在背后。
四、語法細解
情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法
1. 肯定的推測一般用must, should, may(might)或could(不用can),其中,must的語氣最強,譯為“肯定”、“準是”、“想必是”;should的語氣次之,譯為“很可能”、“應(yīng)該”,指按常理推測;may(might),could的語氣最弱,譯為“也許”、“可能”。例如:
This must be good for you. 這肯定對你是有益的。
They left yesterday. They should be home by now. 他們昨天就離開了,現(xiàn)在該到家了。
It may snow later this afternoon. 今天下午可能會下雪。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock. 電熨斗會有危險的,它可能使你受到嚴重的電擊。
2. 否定推測分為兩種情況: 語氣不很肯定時,常用may not, might not或could not,譯為“可能不”、“也許不”。 否定語氣較強時,則用cant,譯為“根本不可能”、“想必不會”,表示驚異、懷疑的感情色彩。例如:
If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat. 要是你鍛煉,可能不會這樣胖。
At that time we thought the story could not be true. 那時我們認為故事不可能是真的。
The story sounds reasonable, but it cant be true. 這個故事聽起來合情合理,但不可能是真的。
3. 疑問句中的推測,往往用can或could。例如:
Can the news be true? 這消息可能是真的嗎?
Could an accident happen if I do that? 如果我那樣做,可能會發(fā)生意外嗎?
4. 對已發(fā)生事情的肯定推測常用“must(may, might等)+完成式”;否定推測常用“can(could, may, might等)not + 完成式”。 例如:
They must have been too excited to sleep last night, for they met with Chinas first spaceman Yang Liwei yesterday morning. 他們昨晚一定激動得睡不著覺,因為昨天上午他們見到了中國的第一個太空人楊利偉。
It is possible he might have called while we were out. 當(dāng)我們出門后,他有可能會打電話來。
He cant have had enough money for a new car. He is poor. 他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。他家里窮。
(二)“情態(tài)動詞 + have done”表“應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)……”,“想必已經(jīng)……”,“本來可以……”等意思。
1. can (could) have done在肯定句中表示“本來可以做而實際上未做某事”, 含有遺憾的意味。例如:
You could have done better, but you didnt try your best. 你本來可以做得更好,但是你沒有盡力。
2. should have done表示“本應(yīng)該做而實際上沒有做某事”,其否定式表示某種行為本不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了??梢耘cought to +不定式完成式(have done)互換。例如:
She shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it then. 她本來不該帶走我的皮尺,因為我那時要用。
There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come, but why didnt you? 昨天的聚會非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該來,為何不來呢?
3. neednt have done表示“本來不必做而實際上做了某事”。 例如:
You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. 你本不必澆花的,天要下雨。
經(jīng)典例解:
1. —When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They_______be ready by 12:00.(NMET1998)
A. canB. shouldC. mightD. need
2. —Isnt that Anns husband over there?
—No, it_______be him—Im sure he doesnt wear glasses.(NMET 2004)
A. cant B. must not
C. may not D. may not
3. There_______be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.(2005上海)
A. mustnt B. shant
C. shouldnt D. neednt
4. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They_______at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005重慶)
A. should have been doing
B. must have been doing
C. could have done
D. would have done
答案與解析:
1. B。此處依據(jù)語境應(yīng)是商家的一種承諾,即“應(yīng)該,想必會”的意義;can用于肯定句中表可能性指的是客觀的(理論性)的可能性,而表示具體的實際發(fā)生的可能性要用could, may, might或should,但題中might可能性小于should,不太符合商家的承諾的肯定性特征。
2. A。cant表示不可能;mustnt表示禁止,wont 表示不愿意;may not表示可能不。根據(jù)語境中及Im sure表示答話的人肯定不是Ann的丈夫。can表推測多用于否定句,疑問句中。
3. C。should可表示“按理、想必”的意義用于表示判斷推測。句意為“既然你在駕校進行了大量的練習(xí),按說這次考試不應(yīng)該有困難”。
4. B。must have done / doing可用于對過去事情的判斷推測,意為“想必是,一定……”。